The King And The Clown | Analysis

The superpower And The jackass AnalysisThe motion picture mightiness and the antic has touched a subject that is considered as a proscribed and disallow by the Korean society and yet it has struck a agree with the Korean people.The plastic filmKing and the Clown, has many the most marvelous and enthralling performances by the players. The impression has a debatable theme of homosexuality which has the potential to upset the emotions and mindsets of more of the conservative Koreans, exclusively each element of the movie is so convert and perfectly played that the causal idea never seems to look vulgar. It has managed to salvage the balance in between too shocking or be overly-exaggerated. There are a consider of mixed emotions in the movie which are tied to the char figure outers itself. There is love, hatred, jealousy, trust, anger, surprise remorse, aggressiveness. As the movie goes on, the attestor tends to experience all these feelings, and sometimes even imagin e himself in the surface of the theatrical roles. The ability to connect with the audiences despite being set up on such a controversial topic is what sets the movie ap ruse.BackgroundThe movie The King and the Clown has its background set in the Joseon Dynasty. This resembles many an another(prenominal)(prenominal) of the generic Korean dramas we haves seen in many movies, but the plot here is instead original and well scripted. The story of the movie takes in its center, a pile of impecunious and hard-up traveling entertainers. Movies two chief(prenominal) characters are Jang-Saeng and Gong-il. They are twain lovers. Both of them being of the same sex is quite shocking to many Koreans and similarly is quite new to be seen in the Korean movies. scarcely the catch here is that Gong-il whose role is being played by actor Lee Jun-ki, has precise feminine feature and one and only(a) could at a thought remember of him as a girl and at some moment one almost want to believ e that the actor is a girl. Both of the actors have dual-lane a very strong draw throughout the movie. Some of the scenes of the movie has clearly memorializen the great chemistry shared by both. It seems that they really look out for one another. In the starting, both of them define to go to Hanyang (now Seoul), in order to expand their talents and present themselves to a lot more people and make their show bigger and better. It is at that place that they find many other similarly and hugely talented minstrels and thus join their act. Now to do something new and to gain fame and money, ang-Seang, who is the chief of the troupe, they decide to mock the king and his favorite Nok-Su as this would attract a lot of people to their act. Now as their fame administer, one of the kings formalized get winds of their act and get them arrested for treason against the state. The official then puts a condition in front of them that they have to perform in front of the king and if he like s their show, their life would be spared. This was in fact a plan of the official to let the king know about the injustice and corruption spread in his territory through the mocking.The Kings courtNow the role of the King is played by actor Jung Jin-Young who portrays the tyrannical king brilliantly. It is said that the kings character in the movie is based on a real-life king. The king has also got problems of his own and was psychologically disfigured because his mother was forced to commit self-destruction by the kings of that time and this made him repulsive towards the people and the society. As he grew up, he started showing the signs of unstable caprices of a child who was hurt, wounded and uncollectible by that incident. however as the clowns performed, instead of feeling insulted and shameful, the King became very amused with the acts and decided to keep the troupe as court jesters in the kings grand palace. This is truly magnificent as it shows sides of the king which ma ke us believe as the king was a born actor as by chance got his royal bloodline. This could also be interpreted as the kings real or hidden dream. As time passed on the King becomes more and more captivated with Gong-ils bent and sexless beauty. This on the other hand made Jang-Saeng, Nok-su and the ministers feel jealous of Gong-il. The relationship between the two clownKam Woo-Seong has portrayed the role of the unconditional hero as the manly clown, Jang-Saeng. Lee Jun-ki has totally and justly become a superstar due(p) to his portrayal of Gong-il who is sensitive and loving, the feminine clown. This has really made us to think that is Lee, Jun-ki gay in real life? This is because of his marvelous performance in the movie. There is so much boldness required to play a character like the one our hero has played. The relationship between the clowns is quite extraordinary.There is a rebellious nature to this dynamics. There is an emotional competitiveness and a mixture of feelings between the two clowns in the movie Jang-sang and Gong-gil. But this conflict is implied rather than made explicit. This forms an intrinsic element of the movie and has a lot of emotional charge within it. The friendship of Jang-sang and Gong-gil sometimes come out of the closet to be platonic Both of them understand and care about one other and the semblance and the connection between them defines and to an extent, affet their actions and decisions later. But that same affinity also has its down-side. There is frustration, fixation and passion Jang-sang sulks and hates it when Gong-gil is in the Kings company and prefer it rather than his, and Gong-gil is gloomy and downhearted when Jang-sang isnt around. Their emotional connection is intensified by the script itself and also the viewers interest in their friendship with a lot of intensity attached.Directors viewsThe director Lee Jun Ik has already said that the main point of the story was not to raise the issue of homosexualit y but the focus was mainly on the life and the worlds of the travelling clowns. It wanted to show and also facts say that it was very common for the traveling clowns to engage in same-sex relationships in those days. The people were quite poor and it was impossible for them to get a wife in this financial situation. Secondly, in that location were only men who were traveling in groups together and it was very possible for them to make a hamper that was very tight and intimateConclusionThe movie King and the Clown is likely to be said a chronological drama wherein there was lot of emotions attached to it. Also it touched on an issue that is controversial yet is seen vary widely in todays society. Also to say that it had a original plot and highly brilliant actors. The movie very graciously and tactfully breached one of the subjects that is always been considered taboo. Also the movie has demonstrated how art imitates life. The clown sexuality is completely and willingly accepted in the movie. So one can say that this movie may prove to be a milestone for gay rights and teaches about arts association with life.

Criticisms Of Symbolic Interactionism Sociology Essay

Criticisms Of exemplary Interactionism Sociology EssayThis chapter bequeath outline the look into methods which atomic figure 18 commitd to let off procedures for collecting selective in constituteation. In addition, it discusses literature which underlies the methods and reasons for the chosen data aggregation procedures. The chapter presents an outline of look methodology (qualitative go about) and the tools for data collection which ar comm alone apply with each picky method. The chapter foc single-valued functions on the enquiry bandingting, instruments for data collection, data analysis, issues of validity and reliability, and ethical issues. This chapter allow for clearly desexualise the look for methods used to perform the conceive. The police detective will provide an news report as to the collection methods of the data and reading which was necessary to address the enquiry objectives. As such, all data sources, instruments for interrogation, data c ollection and analytical techniques, and research design, will be given over.Research designthither ar much or less(a) methodologies for collecting data, and it net be compile from numerous different sources. By research methodology, it is meant a set of techniques which be used in original areas of research activity (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1996.) Methodologies do non fall into categories of right and rail at it is the duty of the tec to seek the most appropriate method, jibe to the questions cosmos researched. Huberman and Miles, in 2002, in addition to Blaxter et al, in 2001, said that data smooth is qualitative when it is in word and puffs situations, circumstances of phenomenon, or individuals. Data are quantifiable if they are represented in the form of numbers, counts, or measurements which attack to provide precision to the observation set. Hence, the classification amid duodecimal and qualitative is most commonly used (Smeyers, 2002.)According to Den zin and capital of Nebraska (1994) two(prenominal) quantitative and qualitative accesses can be applied within any work of persuasion of research. The get down that all genuine knowledge is at last grounded in afferent experience is called the positivist approach. This approach also says that knowledge can only be advanced by experimentation and observation. The interpretivist approach, in contrast, holds that only through the standpoint of individuals who are part of the action organism investigated, can the loving world be understood (Cohen et al. 2008.) Therefore, the disposition of the problem macrocosm researched will rent a direct effect on the choice of research methods being employed. Also, virtual(a) consideration, such as funding and meter, may fix a tecs choices. Also, when applying the scientific method, the researcher must keep certain considerations in mind, such as the investigators own rentment in the usage of the issues, the precision of measur ing devices, condemnation constraints for throwing final results, tall(prenominal)y in designing experiments which adequately judge hypotheses, and the relative Gordianity of the subject being investigated.In 1994, Gable describe that literature marked a distinction amongst the two approaches, notwithstanding that the approaches are not mutually exclusive. Rather, sometimes researchers apply both. soft and quantitative approaches and techniques may be impressionualized as opposite poles on a continuum (Gable, 1994.) The differences mingled with the approaches are detailed on Table 4-1. Remenyi (1998) argued that the two approaches can be used together due to the complexity of answering how, wherefore, and what questions.Selection CriteriaDenzin and Lincoln (1994) defined qualitative research as followsThe word qualitative implies an tenseness on processes and significances that are not rigorously examined or mensural (if measured at all), in terms of quantitative, a mount, intensity or frequency qualitative researchers stress the cordially constructed nature of reality, the intimate relationship mingled with the researcher and what is studied and the situational constraints that shape inquiry. Such researchers emphasize the value-laden nature of inquiry. They seek answers to questions given mean (p. 124).Qualitative research sits within the phenomenological viewpoint, and involves at least some fundamental interaction between the researcher and the situation or individual which is being researched (Hussey and Hussey, 2003.) According to Morgan and Smircich (1980) the qualitative approach to research is not a set of techniques only when an approach. As such, the appropriateness of using it is based on the phenomena being studied, and the questions being asked. Additionally, Kirk and Miller (1986) set forth the following steps to describe the qualitative approach to research invention, discovery, rendering, and finally, explanation. Othe r views of the qualitative research approach note its possible design constraints. For example, an individuals own tale of attitudes, motivations, and behaviours, may be an influencing factor (Hakim, 2000.)Qualitative research has the problem of subjectivity. This is because the researcher is involved mortalally in the operation of the measurement tools (Walter and Gall, 1989.) There are some(prenominal) features which classify the nature and design of studies which use the qualitative approach, such as a holistic investigation of a particular phenomenon and the encountering of the direct it self in its natural setting (Walter and Gall, 1989.) The very nature of the qualitative approach allows for some flexibility and responsiveness to four-fold realities and complexity. Purposely selecting the sample, rather than selecting it randomly, can supporter the researcher avoid missing sample data which could new(prenominal)wise be considered as outliers, and hence unimportant. P urposive sampling can allow the researcher to enrich the outcome of their research by designing a athletic field which will include both non-typical and typical subjects (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998.)Hakim (2000) indicates that the validity of the data being compile has a direct effect on the cogency of the qualitative research itself. Data are usually collected in adequate detail so as to allow the results to be considered correct, complete, true, and credible accounts of the views and experiences of the participants. However, sample size continues to be a concern. A qualitative draw will normally have a lower number of participants, which cannot be taken as representative (Hakim 2000.) This fact re chief(prenominal)s even when a fair cross-section of subjects has be carefully assembled.Qualitative design methods usually include 1) a case trans juvenile providing data which describes the subject of the study b) a meta-analysis designed to analyse statistical outcomes of pre vious research from various(a) sources c) research analysis on germane(predicate) administrative depicts d) a record of strain throng discussions which serve to bring together a origin word of informants, serving the investigated issue and d) unstructured, semi-structured, or structured in-depth questions (Silverman,2000 Kruger, 2001).Qualitative research can be considered an independent field of inquiry, as it is concentrate oned on examine objects in their natural settings. It also endeavours to make sense of various phenomena in terms of their meanings as associate to a set field (Denzin and Lincoln, 1994.) This form of research examines activity which is situated, in which an opportunity is presents to both participate in, and wherefore reflect on, the knowledge production process (Flick, 2002.) Denzin and Lincoln (2003) state that the possible for the adaptation of phenmoena is presented by qualitative research which takes place in a natural setting. The use of m ulti-methods may be used to provide interpretation and focus on individuals (Denzin and Lincoln,1998.) Additionally, qualitative research usually includes call into questions, the practical components of a case study, a life story, observations, and personal experience. It can also involve descriptions of routines or moments which were problematic, and even the meaning in the lives of individuals (Denzin and Lincoln, 2003). Qualitative studies, then, are ultimately concerned with both how its participants fit into their environments, and how they make sense of their individual experiences. typic interactionismThe fundamentals of emblematical interactionism as a positioning have been mold by the work of Mead (1932 1934) who is acknowledged for his alternate views toward understanding benignantkind party (Blumer, 1969 Charon, 2004). Blumer (1969) expanded on Meads work to develop emblematic interactionism into a survey with a methodology to investigate and interpret the int eractions of individuals in a amicable linguistic context. Because we live in a complex, industrialized society, and come from different ethnic, racial, and affable class backgrounds, it is unrealistic to think that we all part the same sets of norms, beliefs, and values. the great unwashed will often have competing and conflicting beliefs rather than shared goals and interests. p referenceably of being the product of consensus, organized behavior may be the result of self-interested negotiations between two or to a great extent(prenominal)(prenominal) parties or the product of obsession on the part of to a greater extent than powerful individuals.Herman-Kinneys observation reflects the appropriateness of exemplary interaction as a suitable framework for this study realisation that amicable contexts are complex entities that involve complex interactions between individuals and assorts of individuals. The context of a university in Japan that employs individuals with a range of heathen and favorable attributes reflects Herman-Kinneys intention that populate within a specific context course conflicting beliefs and values, yet can function effectively as a root word. emblematicalalal interactionism provides greater scope to explore such complexity. While different perspectives have do significant contributions to our understanding of the concept of identity, a obtrusive absence from analysis of identity formation is the fantasy of the self as a separate concept to identity (Herman-Kinney, 2003 p.708 Beijaard et al., 2004). One of the fundamentals of symbolic interactionism is its emphasis on the notion of self and its relationship to the concept of identity. The notion of self tends to be overlooked in the literature on teacher identity largely because self and identity can tend to be used interchangeably. Other perspectives imply that an individual is a composite of multiple identities, a view shared by symbolic interactionism. Symbolic interactionism save contends that behind the multiple identities is the notion of self a core entity that in many an(prenominal) ways gives life to those multiple identities. This study is express mail to exploring the nature of professional identities and not the nature of self. However, the distinction needs to be do that symbolic interactionism views self and identity as two separate but related concepts.THE EMERGENCE OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISMSymbolic interactionism is a down-to-earth approach to the scientific study of human mathematical group life and human conduct. (Blumer, 1969 p.47)Symbolic interactionism is a perspective that emerged chiefly from the work of American tradition of pragmatism, doctrine and genial psychology (Fidishun, 2002 Charon, 2004 p.28). It challenged the mechanistic world view and dualistic arrogance of classic rationalism (Shalin, 1991 p.223). One of the most recognised challengers was Mead (1932 1934) who viewed human group life as the essenti al condition for the emergence of core attributes that mark an individual. Blumer (1969) identified the core attributes as consciousness, the mind, a world of objects, human beings as organisms possessing selves, and human conduct in the form of constructed acts. From these core attributes, Blumer (1969 p.6) proposed a number of basic ideas or root images to frame human societies human groups or societies, social interaction, objects, the human being as an actor, human action, and the interconnection of the lines of action. Together, these root images represent the way in which symbolic interactionism views human society and conduct.Symbolic interactionism is used in this study to focus on the interactions of teachers with objects in a specific context. Core to symbolic interactionist principles is a focus on social interaction and meanings that result from the process of interpreting these interactions. The significance of symbolic interactionism, according to Rosenberg and Turner (1981), is that it places emphasis on researching real-life events, such as the practice of teaching. deep down an educational context, Hargreaves (1995 p.11) argues that symbolic interactionism helps clarify why teachers (and others) do what they do and that it addresses the practical realities rather than holding citizenry to perspectives ideals or moral exhortation concerning human change and increment. Exploring the identity of teachers who teach English in the context of this study lends itself well to the principles of symbolic interactionism, due to the highly interactive nature of the context that is rich in symbols language, objects and social interactions.CORE IDEAS OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISMAs mentioned previously, symbolic interactionism emerged from the work of Mead who viewed human society differently from the traditionally held views of his time. Through his interpretation of Meads work of interpreting human society, Blumer developed collar premises that charact erise the fundamentals of symbolic interactionism. In his first of three premises, Blumer begins with the nature of meaning that human beings hold towards things that are socially defined.Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that the thingshave for them (Blumer, 1969 p.2).According to Blumer, meaning is not implicit in humans at birth, instead emerges through social interactions and interpretations of those interactions. Meaning is realized in communication (Mead, 1932). Blumers explanation illustrates a divergence from traditional approaches to explain meaning. By traditional, Blumer referred mainly to the fields of psychology and sociology, which were predominant at the time of his writing. From a psychological perspective, factors such as attitudes and conscious or unconscious motives were featured in attempts to understand human conduct, while sociological perspectives relied on factors such as social position, social pressures and cultural prescriptions in its attempt to explain human conduct (Blumer, 1969 p.3). According to Blumer (1969 p.3), the meanings that things have for human beings are central in their own right. That is, instead of focusing on factors that are alleged to produce behaviour, meaning is the focus of analysis itself. The process of meaning refers to the act of interpretation, which has implications on our understanding of human beings, human action and human association (Blumer, 1969 p.79).Blumer argues that other research traditions6 bypass a focus on meaning. It is either taken for granted and pushed aside as unimportant or it is regarded as a more neutral link between the factors answerable for human behaviour and the product of such factors (Blumer, 1969 p.3). According to Blumer, these perspectives are more concerned with the behaviour of individuals and with the factors regarded as producing the behaviour. However, while differences remain between symbolic interactionism and other research traditions, s imilarities are becoming more common, such as both stress the importance of language, the dynamic character of social and cultural life, and the unstable relations of difference (Dunn, 1997 p.689).The source of meaning emerges from social interactions between individuals and things within social contexts and situations. Blumers (ibid p.3) explanation of things, or objects, reflects the down-to-earth nature of symbolic interactionism to include physical objects (such as classrooms, office space, textbooks), other human beings (such as a wife, an officemate), categories of human beings (such as friends, forethought, students, native English-speaking teachers of English, native Japanese-speaking teachers of English), institutions (such as university, government), guiding ideals (such as individual independence, approach to teaching, university policy), activities of others (such as demands from wariness or requests from colleagues),THE APPROPRIATENESS OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISMSymbol ic interactionism is concerned with people, the meaning that people have towards things, and that these meanings are subjected to a process of interpretation within social contexts. Woods provides a convincing argument, claiming that the emphasis is upon the construction of meanings and perspective, theadaptation to circumstances, the management of interests in the ebb and flow ofcountless interactions give uping many ambiguities and conflicts, the strategiesdevised to promote those interests, and the negotiation with others intereststhat is a common feature of all teaching situations. (Woods, 1996 p.7)Woods account of symbolic interaction reflects the complexity of social situations, viewing symbolic interaction as a perspective that offers flexibility to explore the mysteries of social interaction in educational contexts. Woods was attracted to symbolic interactionism because it offered the kind of intellectual equipment mandatory to explore some of the mysteries of social intera ction in the school (Woods, 1996 p.7). This study recognises that other research perspectives are equally suitable to explore the concept of professional identity. Symbolic interaction, however, allows meanings to be explored in the richness of the context individuals hailing from great cultural, educational and personal backgrounds. If identity is formed through relationships and interactions in a social context, a symbolic interactionist perspective is appropriate for exploring the negotiating of identities of EFL teachers in a Japanese higher education context. The nature of teaching English in higher education in Japan is highly interactive between students and colleagues within a context rich in symbols open to complex processes of interaction and interpretation.CRITICISMS OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISMSymbolic interactionism has changed considerably since its emergence as a perspective, becoming fragmented at times as a result of conflict from different schools of thought and int erpretation (Fine, 1993). It, however, is not without its imperfections or its critics, of which many emerged from within the perspective itself as well as from other research traditions. The criticisms toward symbolic interactionism were more intense earlier in its history than of late due to its perceived departure from scientific methodology that was dominant at the time of its emergence. Criticisms emerged at a time when qualitative research was seen to be unscientific, with positivist research dominating approaches to research (Meltzer et al., 1975). Rogers (1973) accused interactionists of examining human interaction in a vacuum, focusing on small-scale face-to-face interaction, with comminuted concern for its historical or social setting. Skidmore (1975) found that interactionists failed to explain why people consistently chose to act in given ways in certain situations. While the criticisms are valid, they were made at a time when symbolic interactionism had barely demoed itself as a theoretical perspective. There is an argument developing that the differences between symbolic interactionism and other perspectives are confining (Dunn, 1997).The criticism from within symbolic interactionism is characterised by the four main schools of thought that have been identified under the umbrella of symbolic interactionism the Chicago school, the Iowa/indium school, ethnomethodology, and dramaturgy. The differences are largely methodological, between preferences for more humanistic, qualitative approaches to researching social interactions and those that were more scientific and quantitative (Meltzer et al., 1975). Blumer (1969) argues the case for a distinctive methodology in the study of human behavior that made modern society more intelligible (Meltzer et al., 1975). Regardless of methodology or school of thought, however, symbolic interactionism encompasses both a qualitative and quantitative tradition, reflecting an approach that strives to understand hum an behavior, not to predict and control it, nor to have more statistical knowledge of it (Musolf, 2003 p.91).Kuhn (1964) argued symbolic interactionism should reflect quantitative methodology, stressing the importance of unity of method in all scientific disciplines. Reflecting on its short history at the time, Kuhn (ibid) identified a number of problems that stunted the growth of symbolic interactionism and its acceptance by other research traditions as a credible research perspective. One of the main issues was lack of scientific credibility, which characterised the schism between the two schools. Kuhn attempted to work Meads view on social behaviorism in an effort to establish a theory of self that was both testable and usable. Kuhns 20-point test to measure the self reflected the leaning toward scientific quantitative methodology of exploring self.According to Dunn (1997) there are critics who claim that symbolic interactionism provides little indication of sources of meanings. While these criticisms are valid, they were made not long after symbolic interactionism emerged as its own perspective and had yet to fully utilise the way in which other perspectives have developed over the past few decades. Dunn (1997) documents recent comparisons between symbolic interactionism and other research traditions to illustrate narrowing differences and shared fundamentals, such as importance of language. Likewise, Callero (2003) argues that recent sociological approaches to self within a symbolic interactionist paradigm reflect emphases on power, reflexivity, and social constructionism. Recent literature on teachers professional identities provides evidence that symbolic interactionism has survived the criticisms to prosper and prove it to be a suitable framework for this area of research (Swann, 1987 Beijaard et al., 2000).Methods of data collection uncomplicated dataThere are several types of collection methods involved in qualitative research.The Interview MethodTh e definition of an interview is the interchange, between two or more persons, of views on a topic of mutual interest. This enables both the discussion of individual points of view, and the brass of points of view (Cohen et al., 2008.) Cohen et al. note that the interview serves three distinct occasions 1) as the primary means for gathering information that direct affect research objectives 2) for the purpose of either testing a hypothesis, or suggesting a new one, also, as an explanatory method for the identification of variables and their relationships 3) for use in conjunction with other methods.The three types of interviews are unstructured, semi-structured, and structured. The unstructured interview contains questions which are open-ended, allowing the question to be adapted, according to the intelligence, beliefs, and understanding of the respondent. These interviews are more flexible and may be used for probing issues in greater depth than the other interview types, though it can take more time and involve greater difficulty to analyse (Kidder et al., 1986.) In the semi-structured interview, both open-ended and close-ended questions are employed. This means that not all questions are designed in advance. The semi-structured interview technique has some of the advantages of the other two techniques (Kidder et al., 1986.) This technique has the flexibility of allowing the interviewer to formulate new questions during the interview, as a result of the respondents answers to previous questions. This allows the interviewer to seek additional illumination and information. The interviewer usually has a framework of themes to be explored in a semi-structured interview (Blackman, 2002.)The structured interview, also known as the standardized interview, employs closed ended questions, and a standard sequence which is used in every interview. This approach has the aim of presenting the very same questions, in the very same order, in every interviewing session, a nd for every interviewee. Though this approach is not very flexible, its data is more easily analysed, and is considered to be more objective (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1996.) Blackman (2002) cites three essential characteristics which can be used to come apart between the unstructured and the structured interview. 1) A highly structured interview requires that all interviewers present the same set of questions to all interviewees, with use of limited look into questions being prohibited. 2) Structured interviews form the foundation for tighter analysis. 3) Interviewers are trained to use both a priori rules and a standardized rating form in order to strictly rate and score question responses.Researchers choose between several strategies when planning an interview, including (Thomas, 2003, p. 63)An approach of loose questioning, which is meant to elicit the respondents interpretation of a general situation or circumstance.An approach of tight-questions, using a limited number of opt ions (e.g. Yes/no, like/dislike) to discover a respondents preferences.An approach of converging-questions. This is designed to mix in the advantages of the loose method and the tight method. At first broad questions are asked, in an open-ended manner. These are followed up with additional questions to more thoroughly explore the interviewees opinions.An approach of response-guided questions. This approach includes the interviewer beginning with prepared questions, which are ad libitum follow-up by questions created as logical extensions of the given answer. This strategy allows the researcher to delve more deeply into the respondents opinions relating to the issues presented in the original question.Focus group interviewsA focus group is a special type of group which has more involved as its purpose than simply getting people to have a conversation. It is special in terms of its purpose, composition, size, and procedures, which guides, through interaction, to outcomes and data (C ohen et al., 2008.) Listening to information, and gathering information, is the purpose of this interview, as well as to understand peoples thoughts and feelings about particular issues (Krueger and Casey, 2000.) Focus groups can encourage an environment which allows participants to share their points of view and perceptions without pressure. Researchers may be able to identify patterns and trends from the group discussion. This may lead to a systematic and careful analysis (Krueger and Casey, 2000.) According to Cohen et al. (2008,) focus groups are good forOrienting to a specific field of focus.The development of topics, schedules, and themes which can be used in subsequent questionnaires or interviews. use of goods and services insights and data, collected from the group, to generate hypotheses.Producing and evaluating data relating to differing subgroups of a given population.Assembling feedback related to previous studies.Kruger and Casey (2000) specified some of the characteri stics of a focus group. A focus group involves a limited quantity of participants, so that every person has a chance to share participants should have similar characteristics, so that the researchers my procure the purpose of the study collection of qualitative data, of interest to the researcher, is the primary purpose of the focus group usually to discover the range of opinions between several groups the group must have a focused discussion the group should ultimately help to understand the topic of interest.Researchers (Krueger and Casey, 2000 and Cohen et al., 2008) indicate that the data which is collected from a focus group may be negatively influenced by two kinds of participant a) close friends who may inhibit free expression on a given topic b) participants who may be difficult to join with others. For this reason, it is considered more useful when the data is triangulated by using traditional interviewing forms, observation, documentation, and questionnaires (Cohen et al ., 2008.)Observation methodsObservation is routinely used in everyday life (Frank, 1999,) but it is multi- faceted as a scientific method (Wajnryb, 1992.) Bohem and Weinberg (1987) verbalize that techniques for observation are key to the developments in the sciences, and this is because data which is collected is more likely to lead to decisions, conclusions, and new ideas. Obaidat et al (2002) made the claim that many phenomena and ideas, which are the subjects of study interviews and questionnaires, are selected because of the need to test them and understand them by field researchers. So, observation is considered a prime tool for the gaining of both information and experience.According to Cohen et al (2008,) observation enables researchers to gain understanding of the context which is being investigated, to be more inductive and open-ended, and to see certain aspects which otherwise may have been missed. It also allows for the discovery of issues that participants may not have cherished to discuss in their interviews. While observation in a social context can easily be accomplished, scientific observation may require more detailed planning, and defined recording protocols (Summerhill and Taylor, 1992.) Cohen et al (2008) refer to observations in many settings physical, human, group or individual, gender, class, and even interaction in settings which may be formal or informal, planned or unplanned, verbal or non-verbal. Additional settings would include programme settings, such as school resources, curricula, and style.Secondary dataThe analysis of secondary data, involving the analysis of data collected by other institutions and researchers, will be part of the basis for this research. Additionally, by treating this undertaking with diligence and care, an efficient method or learning about research questions, which are both time saving and cost effective, will be gained. The major sources of secondary data, which are used in this research, areOfficial st ats. This comprises of statistics collected by various bureaus, departments, agencies, and the government. Because this information is easy to obtain and easy to comprehend, it is considered an important secondary data source.Scholarly Journals (Peer criticismed) As they contain reports of both original research and reports of experimentation, scholarly journals are important to this study. Experts review scholarly journals in order to check their accuracy, originality, and hence relevance.Literature Review Articles these articles review and arrange original research about a particular subject of interest.For this research the researchers consulted online databases and the library, in order to find the requisite relevant pieces of data to be used in this research.Data analysisQualitative research findings, methods, disciplinary orientation, and types of findings represent great diversity (Yardley 2000). Qualitative research has many traditions. These include, as a partial listin g, cultural ethnography (Agar 1996 Quinn 2005), institutional ethnography (Campbell and Gregor 2004), analyses for historical comparison (Skocpol 2003), case studies (Yin 1994), focus groups (Krueger and Casey 2000), interviews (in-depth) (Glaser and Strauss 1967 McCracken 1988 Patton 2002

A Review of Coulters South During Reconstruction

A Review of coulters siemens During reconstructive memorySean MooneyTo start, colters The South During reconstruction is an in depth analysis of the gray join States (Confederate States of America, 1861-1865) following the subvert of the polite War, the 8th installment of colters series A Hi degree of the South. The author, E. Merton Coulter (1890-1981), is a atomic number 31 native and a Professor and Historian of the confederation for University of Georgia. Hes been described as a writer with purpose and a instructor with purpose. (Bailey, 2015). His qualifications pose from his time as a professor for the University of Georgia with a genuinely extensive course on the history of the Confederate United States pre 1900s. However, his credibility as an author took a minor blow in the mid 1960s with his book Negro Legislators in Georgia During the Reconstruction Period which casted the Afri arse-American legislators at the time as unmitigated villains (Bailey, 2001). This, which shall be highlighted further in the review, is considered common in Coulters writing as a Confederate scholar.Coulters book contains a chapter by chapter analysis of different functions and cause of the economy post Civil War and during reconstruction. Chapters I-III titled Cost of War, The sort Back, and Short Cut to Civilization, discuss the beginning costs of the war and usage the use of numbered statistics, showing the true cost and how much the south was stirred while offering some side points from the side of civics and community. This group of chapters front discusses primarily the cost and levels of destruction, state by state, such as aluminium claimed destruction amounting to $300,000,000. (2, 4) and begins to discuss the destruction of the gray railway system claiming, ii thirds of the Souths railroads were utterly destroyed (3, 6). However, the book is sometimes written from personal views and beliefs. Chapter V can be regarded as one of the more interest ing chapters, a chapter dedicated to The Negro as Laborer and Landowner. (92). Here, Coulter can be playn as showing his true colors, highlighting his opinions of negro landowners and freedman stating basically the freedman did non like to take orders that reminded him of slavery The hardest work beforehand the North now is to teach the Negro what constitutes his freedom. (93, 4).Next, elaborating on the authors qualifications, the book actually does not contain an expected bibliography. Coulter chose not to create a list of source material, instead the bibliography is replaced with what the author notes a Critical turn up on Authorities He explains the meaning behind the change, stating No begin is made here to compile either an exhaustive or an deification list of items, but rather to indicate with some evaluation what was examined in writing this volume. (392, 1). The essay offers an extensive outlook on the groups of materials utilise in the making of the book. These ma terials are ar rated in collections pertaining to their function, such as Manuscripts and regime Documents, (392, 393). On the issue of credibility, many of the statistics found seem to have come from a personal recollection from manuscripts of soldiers, generals, and politicians as well as the number from 1860 to 1880.1 However, using personal manuscripts without offering the authors credentials or credibility leaves room for doubt and skepticism on how accurate the theme is. What should also be taken in account with this use of these materials is the time they came from, where race was regarded in a very different way, leading to a one sided account of history in favor of the exsanguine and not the colored enslaved at the time or those affected by the Civil Rights movement a century later.Next, to summarize the contents of this review in a few words, good intentions with poor execution. South During Reconstruction could be a very promising book with a magnificent story of the south to express while analyzing the socioeconomic impact of the Confederate states. For a man who writes the Southern Point of View as a scholar. (Cotterill, n.d.), Coulter leaves me wanting for more. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the more pinnacle and turbulent pieces of history the story of this land can offer goes semi untold in this book, leaving a predilection of what the book could be, requireers such as myself yearning for a better taste. instantly a history book made and published in 1958 would not exactly be as accurate as a groundbreaking day book.Now, the unfortunate fact about Coulter is he is considered by some as a Confederate Apologist, and has been revealed to be a racist. ace man has described Coulter as a conservative, racist, unreconstructed southerner who defends Southern racist policies and practices (Smith, n.d.) This brings in question the true accuracy of the information provided in the book. The reasoning is the majority of the book is written b y the War of Federal Aggression standpoint which humanizes the Confederacy and dehumanizes the North. Even then, Coulters history of Reconstruction was already obsolete by the time it was released. Coulter did not test his claims and research by diving into the research and material available. kinda, he told the old story of a liberated people worse off for being on their own and adamant, and of nefarious carpetbaggers and scalawags manipulating them to engender a blackout of veracious regime. Dismissing Ku Klux Klan violence, Coulter claimed that nothing went right until the Souths natural rulers were put back in charge. Coulter rather hoped that his contribution would come in shifting the subject to something less(prenominal) exhaustively covered, by inditing a gregarious history of the South, the magnification of cities, and the habits of white Southerners. In this he came up with plenty of information, but not by utilizing the materials court records, probated wills, diaries and journals, manuscript census returns, a history relying largely on conservative bigoted accounts without dipping into a larger database of the souths history and culture. As a scholar and a professor, you would expect Coulter to teach an unbiased and indifferent stanced view of history without being tied down to banal Southern policies and statutes. Instead the University of Georgia professor ties himself down to outdated bigoted Southern beliefs and traditions with chauvinism and pride to the land of Ol Dixie.To conclude, what makes the book worth a read is the dramatic contrast on how we write history today and how we wrote it yesterday. however on the contrary we can see thats where the book keeps some charm. Instead of being a source for analysis, the book can be used as a source for delivery. The preservation of old bigoted policies, the preservation of what was once the true face of the south, a dark and vicious issue in American history that is not to be forgotten, bu t heeded and preserved, to see how weve progressed and grown as a nation.Works CitedBailey, Fred Arthur. E. Merton Coulter (1890-1981). New Georgia Encyclopedia. New Georgia Encyclopedia, 05 Aug. 2015. Web. 16 Mar. 2017.Bailey, Fred Arthur, E. Merton Coulter, in Reading Southern register Essays on Interpreters and Interpretations, ed. Glenn Feldman (Tuscaloosa University of Alabama Press, 2001).Cotterill, R. S. THE SOUTH DURING RECONSTRUCTION. Louisiana State Law School. LSU, n.d. Web.Coulter, E. Merton., and Wendell Holmes. Stephenson. The South during Reconstruction 1865-1877. Baton Rouge, LA Louisiana State U, 1991. Print.Smith, John David. E. Merton Coulter, the Dunning School, and The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky. Digital image. Journal Store. Kentucky Historical Society, n.d. Web.1 Covers the books range of pre reconstruction (before 1865) and after reconstruction (1865-1877)

The bioprocess of yogurt

The bio do by of yoghourtAbstr spielThis report discusses the bioprocess of manufacturing yoghourt on an industrial outstrip. On a industrial scale the procedure for yoghourt fruit fol petty(a)s preparation and criterionization of take out, pasteurization, homogenization, Cooling to incubation temperature for inoculation with grump finish, ferment, post- fermenting word i.e. adding additive such as flavouring, fruit attachment, refrigeration and packaging. In examining all(prenominal) ill-treat and identifying limitation, advancements in the superior oecumenic procedure amaze been suggested. Some improvements complicate ensuring correct standardization of draw i.e. yoghurt standard contents be met, changes in technique apply to alter adipose tissue content, effective conflag compute treatments to kill off unwanted beings, verification of fermenting process to open and catechumen culture apply in inoculation provides high yields, practise is limited to avoid contamination of and damage to the final product.Introduction yoghourt is wholeness of the most popular dairy products consumed worldwide and is made principally on the bacterial fermenting of draw. The word is from the Turkish Yogen, meaning thick. Originating in the slopes of Mount Elbrus the discovery of yoghurt was by complete chance when a Turkish nomads pitcher of take out was contaminated by some organism that thrived in warm draw. Since thus yoghurt has been produced and consumed worldwide for at to the lowest degree 5 400 years and continues to be one of the most nutritious foods proving unique nutritional value to the consumer.Yoghurt is produced when a lactic sharp bacterial ice culture is use to ferment the sugar lactose found in draw to Lactic red-hotulent which then acts on the protein to give yogurt its diagnostic texture and form. Dairy yoghurt is produced using a mingleed culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and strep thermophilus bacteria.Alt hough the consistency, flavour and aroma whitethorn vary from one region to another, the basic genes and manufacturing process are fundamentally consistent.The general manufacturing procedure includesAd stilling draw composition and addition of other ingredient to meet the adoptd Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in terms of modify and non-fat content.Pasteurization of milk to kill unwanted bacteria homogenization of milk to condition uniform compositionCooling of milk to optimal starter culture incubation temperatureFermentation of milk by addition of starter cultureAddition of flavours and fruitStorage and packagingThe implantation of this general manufacturing procedure is seen in the mathematical product of Yoplait yogurt (as seen in the flowchart below). conceptualization of MilkIn the occupation of yoghurt a variety of milk locoweednister be employed whole fat, semi-skimmed milk or low fat milk, the type of milk used dep ratiocinations upon the type of yoghurt one i ntends to produce. However, one of the main importance when considering the type used is the absence of either material (disinfectant) or organisms that leave alone hinder or prevent the issue of the starter organism, for example, bacterio bacteriophages which are a group of virus that ordure attempt the starter organism causing extremely long periods of incubation (Moralee, 2002).When the milk arrives at the plant, its composition is altered before all further bear upon faecal matter be completed. This standardization process usually involves increasing the arrive firms content and decreasing the fat content. The fat content is reduced by a process termed centrifugation. Centrifugation is a separation process comm exactly used in the industrial treatment of milk. In this process the centrifugal draw and quarter is utilized to sepa straddle insoluble from the liquids thitherby impressioning in the fat globules separating from the eternal rest of the milk suspension. The milk should be kept at temperature of 40oC before go into the centrifuge (Costa Goomes, 2008). The lower the fat content the higher the lactose take aims (Carpers, 2005) wherefore lowering the fat content will be beneficial when the milk later down the stairsgoes fermentation. Several methods can be used to raise the steadfast contents in milk evaporation, addition of skim milk powder, addition of milk concentrates etc. In industrial yoghurt manufacturing, the solids content of yogurt is often adjusted above the 8.25% minimum ( nourishment and drug administration, 1999). Commonly the standard solids content is affix to 16% with 1-5% being fat and 11-14% being solid non-fat (SNF). Increasing the dry matter contents (solid non milk fat) not only improves the nutritional value of the yoghurt, but in addition provides a thicker, firmer and fuller personify to the finshed yoghurt (Watson, 2004).ImprovementsEvaporation of milk prior to the fermentation process for turn milk (hi gher non-fat solid content) is utilized in influence to give a better trunk and texture to the yoghurt. Due to the ever spiralling energy costs, the increase in cost of concentrating milk is decent prohibitive ( Moralee, 2002). Consequently, larger manufacturing plants waste begun replace the evaporation method with a new technique know as fortification. Fortification is the addition of dried milk solids to the fundament of milk prior to inoculation (Moralee, 2002). Several commercial yoghurt manufacturing plants are fortifying the base milk with a cocktail of milk and non milk solids (Smith, 2002). The addition of stabilizers whitethorn also be employed to improve the body of the yogurts as they increase the resoluteness and viscosity, preventing separation of the whey liquid remaining aft(prenominal) milk has been curdled, from the yoghurt, a problem know as syneresis (Watson dairy consulting, 2007). This is achieved through their capability to form change structures in w ater and as a essence leaving behind less free water for syneresis. Stabilizers are to a greater extent chief(prenominal) in yoghurt produced commercially as yoghurt mix has to be pumped, stirred, fruited and filled and will often break down to a runny liquid without the addition of stabilisers (Watson, 2004). The amount of beneficial stabilizers to be added to the yoghurt concoction is required to be determined evidently through hole sampling experimentation by each manufacturer as as well a good deal stabiliser and the yoghurt can take on a rubbery texture, far similarly much stabiliser and the yoghurt can become a hard solid mass (Moralee, 2002). Some stabilizers used in yoghurt manufacturing include gelatins, gums (locust bean, guar), pectins, and starch.PasteurizationGenerally the fresh milk seeed from healthy animals is either beneficial or harmless, however, changes when improperly handled, or declension of the animals health can create conditions in which the bacter ia are competent to multiply. The large presence of unknown organisms in the raw milk would remove the fermentation too unreliable and unpredictable for commercial operations (Csutak, 2005). Pasteurization is the process by which hotness treatment to each particle of milk at relatively high temperature for a specified period of metre is adequate of killing off harmful bacteria for example pathogens, and improve the storehouse attribute of milk by inactivating certain undesirable enzymes and spoilation bacteria (Watson 2007). Typical temperatures for milk pasteurization are 85-95oC for 20-30minutes (Smith 2002). This technique of hot up treatment is also successful in achieving a more still gel as it denatures the whey (serum) proteins. Furthermore, high heat treatment can also ensure little competition from spoilage organisms providing a much better environment for magnanimous of starter organisms later in the process. It is important that the pasteurization of the milk kick the buckets before addition of starter cultures as this ensures they act as prebiotics remain active in yoghurt after fermentation (moralee, 2002).ImprovementsWhilst pasteurization of the milk is effective in destroying microorganisms, improper handling after pasteurization can recontaminate the milk (Brock, 2005). Several safe handling practices can be employed such as sterilised equipment should be used, desirable stainless steel utensils as these are more easy to nifty and durable, pure water streams should be utilize when cleansing to prevent any contamination, rapid cooling to somewhat 5oC or less and storage in closed vessels before and after pasteurization to ensure unaltered quality and flavour of milk (Brock, 2005).Pasteurization can be a consecutive or batch process, however, commercially it is better in continuous move vessels as this continuous agitation ensures every particle of milk including the foam receives the minimum heat treatment. The temperature withi n each vessel should be monitored with an hi-fi metal or glass thermometer (Smith P, 1981).Apart from utilising pasteurization, Ultra-high temperature (UHT) is another type of heat treatment that is currently being employed. In this type of processing organisms are destroyed destroy more effectively by heating the mixing for a shorter period of period, approximately 1-2 seconds, at an extremely high temperature exceptional(a) 135oC (Dairy Science and Technology, 2007). UHT treatment essentially sterilizes the milk and allows it to be stored at live temperature for up to 8 weeks with out change in flavour (Brock, 2005).HomogenizationIn the commercial ware of yoghurt milk is always close homogenize prior to fermentation in order to give a uniform product. Homogenization of milk aids in the prevention of unction that is, the fat from rising to the surface during the fermentation process. Using a homogenizer or viscolizer fat globules are broken down into much smaller and more e venly dispersed particles and subsequently producing a much smoother and creamier end product (Watson, 2007). When milk enters a homogenizer it is force through small orifices at extremely high pressures breaking down globules as a result of the high shearing forces and dispersing the fat evenly throughout the milk which prohibits the fat from rising to the top of the container (Steane, 2008). Milk mixtures are typically homogenized under pressures of 2000-2500 psi (Moralee, 2002). Additionally this process also prevents wheying off during the incubation and storage stage thus enhancing the stability and consistency of the yoghurt. Once the homogenized mixture has been cooled to the optimum growth temperature, the starter culture is added. It is important for the mixture to be cooled to a typical temperature of approximately 45oC for inoculation as temperatures higher than this may kill off culture (Watson, 2007).Following the cooling of milk to a temperature of 40-45oC, the milk i s immunised with a fermentation culture. The main starter cultures for yoghurt toil are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The function of the starter cultures is to ferment the lactose, sugars found in milk, to produce lactic social disease.C12H22O11 + H2O ? 4 C3H6O3 Lactose Lactic AcidThe increase in lactic acid toil corresponds to a fall in pH levels and causes the milk to clot, or form the soft gel curd that is characteristic of yogurt. The fermentation of lactose also produces flavour compounds, acetaldehyde, that are characteristic of yogurt. The lactic acid levels can be measured by simply performing a titration with sodium hydroxide. The current minimum standards for yoghurt manufacturing require a value of at least 0.9% acidity and a pH of about 4.4 (Food and drug administration, 1999). The fermented milk is typically incubated in large stiff vats in a temperature controlled environment, temperature is monitored carefully to maintain at a tempera ture optimum for starter culture growth. Inoculation typically occurs at a rate of 0.5-5% (Watson, 2007). When the desired acidity, that is pH level of about 4.4 is reached, rapid cooling to approximately 7 oC is effected in order to stop the fermentation process. It is merry to note that too long or too short a fermentation process will produce a product that is lacking(p) in either its flavour or texture. Too long fermentation will give other organisms the change to become established, with the associated risks of off flavours and smells (Morale, 2002).In the commercial production of yoghurt, emphasis is not only on the fermentation ability but also on characteristics imparted by the lactic acid cultures. For satisfactory performance the starter culture must be capable of rapid acid production, flavouring of yoghurt, production o full body and texture yoghurt. The determination of whether the starter culture activity is satisfactory or not is determined by direct microscopic cou nts of culture slides stain with methylene blue (Smith, 2002). In doing so there is also the eudaimonia of observing the physiological state of the cultured cells. The lactic starter culture used for yoghurt production is thermophillic has an optimum temperature of 42oC. The two cultures (Lactobacillus and streptococcus thermophillus) can be grown independently however, there is a higher rate of acid production when used in together (mixed strain), that is that make use of each others metabolites in order to effect the acid production efficiency. Streptococcus thermophilus grows at a faster rate producing carbon dioxide and lactic acid. The formate on with the carbon dioxide stimulates the growth of Lactobacillus (Smith, 2002). During fermentation the yoghurt mixture coagulates when the pH level drops. The streptococci are responsible for the initial pH drop of the yogurt mix to approximately 5.0. The lactobacilli are responsible for a further falling off to pH 4.5 (Steane, 2008 ). Inoculation of lactic starter cultures with yoghurt milk produces lactic acid, acetaldehyde and acetic acid.Improvements-As mentioned above when selecting the type of milk used in manufacture of yoghurt it is important for the milk to possess a low bacteria count, be free from sanitizing chemicals, rancid milk and have no contamination by bacteriophages. Serious economic losses in the yoghurt industry have been attributed to phage attack (Smith, 2004). Accompanying the moderate in texture and flavour, bacteriophage attacks decreases the rate of acid production. Large scale manufacturers typically have laboratory facilities to check incoming milk to transcend the possibilities of other starter inhibiting substances (Moralee, 2002), however, the presence of bacteriophages is always a risk. Large manufacturers phage are usually found in the drains and floor gullies of a dairy producing any cultured product, poor hygiene and a lack of general housekeeping increase the risk (Dairy S cience Technology, 2007). Thus in order to reduce the possibility of bacteriophage present strict sanitation procedures would ensure prevention of phage attack (Smith, 2004). This include hand-washing between each handling, unproductive tanks, floors and bench surface. sAlso, since the starter culture is one of the most searing ingredients in yoghurt manufacture synchronisation of rate of acid production and plant production schedules is extremely vital. For example, if frozen cultures are used then a longer incubation period of approximately 5 hours at 43oC is required for acid production (Smith 2002). Similarly as noted above, tutelage of temperature is extremely important for starter culture. This is because if the temperature of incubation is too low, culture grows at such a slow rate that it is unable to adequately sour milk and to achieve a good texture vice versa if the temperature is too high the culture is killed.Traditionally, when the lactic acid starter culture is gr own in a suitable medium, small quantities will be extracted to inoculate each new batch of yoghurt. This is commonly referred to as using wad starter. However, due to the high risk of bacteriophage infections and the delay in time when each new batch is prepared, employment of bulk starter is becoming increasingly uncommon amongst commercial producers (Smith, 2002). A new technique referred to as DVI (Direct Vat Inoculation) is fast becoming the most preferred choice which involves vaccinating the yoghurt mix directly with a very large quash of freeze dried starter organisms (Watson,2007). Even though there may be a longer incubation time, relative immunity to phage attack makes this a more safe option for manufacturing plants to ensure production of yoghurt is efficient every time.The design of the container in which the fermentation process is carried out in can also improve the process. Commercially there has been a shift in design of cone bottom processers to make haste th e draining of relatively viscous fluids after incubation (Carpers, 2005). Critical step in the fermentation process is the maintenance of the optimum temperature for growth of starter cultures hence well insulted incubation vats should be utilized.Addition of fruit and promotionAt this stage fruits and addition desired flavours may be added at or prior to filling preformed pots. Common additives include, fruit flavours, colouring agents, sweetener agents. Depending on the type of yoghurt, the above fermentation process may occur before this addition of fruit or after. For example, in set appearance yoghurt fruit is added to the bottom of the cup and inoculated yoghurt is poured over the top, the fermentation takes place within the cup. For stirred yoghurt, the fruit is blended with the cooled ferment yoghurt and yoghurt texture can be made smoother by pumping it through a cone before packaging (Moralee, 2002). The yoghurt is keep until it is required for package and transportatio n.Conclusion-In undertaking an engineering analysis of the bioprocess of yoghurt and exploring each step carefully it can be seen that although yoghurt follows a general manufacturing procedure. The bioprocess of yoghurt production involves preparation of milk, followed by pasteurisation and homogenisation of the milk, cooling down period, then inoculation with a lactic acid bacterial starter culture to ferment the milk. Measurement of acid production measures the success in fermenting milk. Additions of fruit and other additives are added just prior to storage and packaging. The exploitation of the fact that milk contains the sugar lactose, and when undergoing fermentation with a starter culture produces lactic acid, allows observation of how yoghurt is produced. The production of yoghurt on an industrial scale requires great improvement in the handling of the mixture to ensure no contamination, choice of raw materials will greatly affect the final product, employing a successful m ethod to obtain a starter culture that is free from unwanted materials and operation in fermentation vats that give efficient outcomes.ReferencesCarpers S, 2005 , http//www.natmedtalk.com/nutrition/4933-lactose-higher-fat-content-lower-lactose.html, viewed 14/04/10Driessen, F. M., Ubbels, J., and Stadhouders, J., endless manufacture of yogurt. I. Optimal conditions and kinetics of the prefermentation process, Biotech. Bioeng., 19, 821, 1977Ed Excel Foundation, http//www.biotopics.co.uk/edexcel/biotechnol/yog.html, viewed on the 24/04/10).J Scott Smith Yiy Hui, 2002, Food processing principles and applications, pg 297-319John Watson, 2007, http//www.dairyconsultant.co.uk/si-yoghurt.php, viewed 13/04/10Neil Moralee, 2002,http//www.cip.ukcentre.com/yogurt.htm, viewed 13/04/10Savello, 1998, http//www.patentstorm.us/patents/5762989/description.html viewed 28/04/10Tamime, A. Y. and Deeth, H. C. Yogurt technology and biochemistry, J. Food Protection, 43, 939, 1980.Wang S, 2000, http//www .eng.umd.edu/nsw/ench485/lab8.htm, viewed 28/04/10Brock C, 2005, http//www.fcs.msue.msu.edu/ff/pdffiles/foodsafety2.pdf, viewed 25/04/10Steane R, 2008, http//www.biotopics.co.uk/edexcel/biotechnol/yog.html, viewed 17/04/10

Analysis Of External And Internal Environment Marketing Essay

Analysis Of immaterial And Internal Environment merchandise EssayA sm all stock is a line of worry that is privately owned and operated, with a weensy number of employees and relatively low book of sales. Small businesses be normally privately owned corporations, partnerships, or restore proprietorships. Every business which starts with the small capital, a few(prenominal) members of staff and counsel, dont have more than branches in otherwise atomic number 18as, town or country will be called as small businesses. Small businesses often have the vision of expansion, spend more capitalisation as comfortablyspring as profit maximisation. here(predicate) I am taking around Fried white-livered permit on which is necessary to UK plenty. This fried chicken shop name is occidental fried chicken.Executive SummaryThe merchandise course of study of Hesperian Fried sniveller focuses on their current positioning and the effects of repositioning themselves by origin ation halal Fried Chicken. With its launch, theyd overly be in the list of maven of the halal victuals suppliers in UK. The main idea is to offer Halal fried chicken in western style as well as with a few amendments in the recipe by fashioning it spicy to make it appealing to its extended purpose interview i.e. Islamics that confront in United Kingdom. The c support being Muslims prefer a just about more spicy food than the western food. The repositioning of the brand is tar channeled towards the attachment of its tar bugger off audience by allowing access to a nonher target aggroup i.e. a utile population of Muslims from all over the sphere, living in UK. There is a high tendency of its success as westerly Fried Chicken is already liked by its existing target audience and gets good enough reviews if eachone is a big fan of scrumptious chicken, chips and crimson juicy burgers. The consumers prefer WFC more than one of its giant competitors i.e. KFC. The Buzz marting effect would be one of the best and cost free methods of promoting their chicken.The contestThe food industry is a mammoth industry in UK and since at that place is a busy lifestyle, people prefer fast food proceeds away rather than going for fine dining. In order to last in the food industry where thither is cut throat controversy with over 1, 000 individual brands and 1,700 outlets, WFC has to offer something exceptional to its existing target audience in order to retain them and also attract tonic ones by enabling Muslims to be c atomic number 18free regarding the Halal meat and focus on providing them something according to their preferences and taste. A pocket-sized effort on consumer research should be put in, in order to know about their preferences and ultimately furnish better end results to them and remove chances of consumer disgust.Vision To establish a world class brand. To be the leading and fastest growing fast food chain in UK. To be synonymous with quali ty and profitability. To bring advanced(a) products and business models to customers.MissionProviding a hot juice burger, hot vexatious fried wings and chips. Providing a customer courteous surroundings and nice service.Analysis of external and internal purlieu of the companyEXTERNAL environmentEXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT is calculates (conditions, trends, and forces) essentially outside the control of organizational members. External environmental s give the axes ar conducted to identify important circumstanceors in the external environment. This abbreviation is often a critical aspect in all business or strategic plans. Also cognise as the operational environment, this refers to market conditions, economic and political issues on the local and national aims, demographic factors, and other forces outside of a business that touch the overall success of that business. The external environment creates both risks and opportunities for a company. Companys external environment has two factors such as Micro and Macro. To study micro factors, we need to focuses on Porters fin generic forces model and to study large factors, we need to focuses on blighter abstract of the company.Organization Macro factor Macro environment factors be external forces or components that whitethorn pertain the running of a business or organization. Despite being largely beyond the control of a business, macro environment factors often require turns and shifts in operating, management, production, and marketing. There are many different instances of macro environment factors, including political, economic, social, and technological concerns also known as PEST factors. Macro-environmental factor normally using by the management and professionals to scan the external environment of the business to study strategic business management. There are many factors in the Western Fried chickens macro-environment that would motivate the decisions of its management.Economical governme ntalPESTTechnologicalSocialPoliticalPolitical factors can have a pro entrap effect on how a business is operated and managed. Tax policy, government-issued safety regulations, the availability of government contracts, and even shifts in the controlling political party may all change the macro environment for an organization. International laws, such as trade agreements and tariffs, may affect the supply and demand chains and available markets for many different businesses as well. Political factors like changes in the Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic changes and government policy changes can affect WFC. WFC has an advantage being a food outlet as in that respect wont be any such limitations in running their business. Despite the political distress it wouldnt affect the business of food chains at all as people wont stop eating food. Therefore, in political terms it has a positive edge.Economic EnvironmentA market boom, recession, or growing inflation problem can al l change the way a business plans for the future and operates in the present. Economic macro environment factors are often difficult to assess, since economic forecasts and psychoanalyses vary widely between experts. Unemployment levels, comparative degree foreign exchange rates, and the state of the global economy can all help or hurt a business ability to get components it needs and maintain stable profit levels. Envisioning the economic environment of UK where inflation is as high as 3.3424%, the business might get affected thereby, decreasing the customer footfall, but at the same time, take another target market will subsidize this outcome.Social and ethnic EnvironmentWith follow to social and cultural environment, WFC is in an excellent situation. The reason being they are providing food which is one of the basic necessities of survival of human race life. Secondly when talking about culture, just as the name suggests Western Fried Chicken, their offering fits the culture of UK the best and now they are even planning to launch Halal meat which would include the understanding of western consumer groups as well as other consumer groups i.e. Muslims for whom Halal meat is saintly This would help create positive associations to their brand.TechnologicalTechnological macro environment factors can influence how a company does business. A new type of machinery, advanced computer chip, or product created through research and breeding can help a company stay modernized and forward of the market curve. Keeping up with technological advances can be something of a marathon and a gamble smart business owners must be able to accurately identify which new developments will be sincerely yours useful, and which are merely shiny objects with no real ability to remedy business. Being a food outlet, Western Fried Chicken can adapt to a few more advanced technological cooking equipment such as electrical ovens and deep fryers and so on that would be pain in the neck free and heat the oil at a flaw slight level in order to provide well cooked and crispy chicken than of all time before.Organization Micro FactorCompanys micro environmental factors can be explained by using Michael Porters generic five forces model. This model mainly explains the kinship between company and their potential competitors, buyers and suppliers. These five forces also affect WFC. With this analysis one can find out the best option worthy for WFC to overcome the problems in the market due to those five forces.Bargaining creator of CustomerMichael Porters five forces modelBargaining Power of Suppliers terror of substitute Products competitory Rivalry within industry nemesis of new EntranceThreat of new EntranceThreat of New entrants is high as there are low barriers to entry on and there is no monopoly of any food outlets. The reason being the core product i.e. fried chicken is always a hit and there are higher chances of new entrants to survive pretty well in th is industry by consuming other existing businesses market share.The talk terms magnate of suppliersThe bargaining power of suppliers is also low as chicken which is the raw material for WFC is not a difficult item to get due to the sufficient nitty-gritty of suppliers but when it comes to Halal meat accordingly it could be taken as bargaining power of suppliers is high as a very few suppliers provide Halal meat which is near to having monopoly.The bargaining power of buyersThe bargaining power of buyers is high when it comes to fast food items as there are many other outlets such as Chicken Cottage, KFC and Dixy Chicken and so on offering the same menu. Therefore, if the customers feel that WFC is continuously over pricing then there is a possibility of switching to other competitors.Threat of substitutesThreat of substitutes is also high as there are over grand piano individual brands in operation in UK and if in future the consumers may think that WFC is not a healthy food, they might get lean towards healthy food such as Chinese, Thai and Subway etc.Competitive Rivalry in the industryCompetitive Rivalry in the industry is very high because there is cut throat argument in the food industry of UK. There are over 1700 outlets providing something or the other. WFC has a lot of direct and indirect competitors.Internal analysisTo analyse any companys internal environment, it is very important to focus on what are the companys strength and weaknesses. By utilizing strength, company can use this positive factor to grow in the competitive market. It shows companys uniqueness from its competitors. Why we should choose or do not choose this company, we can get idea from its strengths or weakness. By focusing on companys weaknesses management can change or improve the weak points and they can transform weakness into their strengths.StrengthsCharacteristics of the business, or throw off team that give it an advantage over others.Good Taste WFC is illustrious f or providing one of the best fried chicken and chicken burgers in town. hard Brand Conviction When it comes to fried chicken the customers strongly prefer and the fact that WFC is open till 4am which gives it an edge over all its competitors such as KFC etc.Customer Loyalty If a customer has once assay WFC hed get converted into a regular customer in no time.Customer Oriented Business WFC is somewhat an amateur customer lie business that plans to focus on consumer preferences and meet the expectations of the consumers better.Adaptability to change WFC is willing to change as theyre thinking on the lines introducing Halal meat and extending their target audience.WeaknessesWeaknesses are characteristics that place the team at a disadvantage relative to others. particularise assortment of menu fried chicken pieces, burgers, wings and ribs with fries and befuddle are just too limited offerings due to which they might lose on some of the potential customers.Lack in providing value for gold to the customers According to a few customers WFC is now charging expensive rates with respect to the value they are providing in form of food. The perceived value is less than the unquestionable value delivered to the customers.Lacks in marketing research A little effort put towards the marketing research of existing as well as attracting new customers might help WFC to be more profitable by providing value to its target market.Business PlanEvery small and big business starts with business plan. A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals. Business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, taxpayer, or large community. When the existing business is to assume a major change or when planning a new venture, a 3 to 5 year business plan is required, since investors will look for their annual return in that timeframe. The process of business plan passes through series of stages.Gather schooling WFC has gathered information about market trend in the UK. They found out that in UK there are lots of Muslim people. get along 14 45 years teenagers who are students to adults, who are working there mostly, like fried chicken. Thats why there opening at let night 4 AM.Mission Goals To provide a hot good quality and juice food to customer. Providing a good customer service. increase the income 15000 to 25000.Devise StrategiesAt this stage WFC formulate their strategies to play in the market. possessor sit together and discuss about the market research and statistical data based on past survey. They develop the strategies on the innovation of those data.Evaluation PlanOn the basis of the reports regarding monitored performance, Owner can estimate the business plan again if he fined any gaps in their actual then tar geted outcome. He can again start gathering information about actual market trend.Business plan is like a cycle. It doesnt stop once they achieved their target.ConclusionWestern Fried Chicken is operating genuinely well in the food industry in UK and is really popular amongst its target audience. Catering to another untapped market of the Muslim population would make it a profitable venture by leaps and bounds as there are a really few Halal meat retail outlets in the UK. The opportunity is huge for the outlet which if grabbed properly can take the company into a new arena completely. I feel that this opportunity should be grabbed by the organization as there is a huge potential market available for it.

Friendship in Knowles A Separate Peace :: A Separate Peace Essays

A Separate Peace - companionship We have all experienced friendship in our lives some of these bonds were lasting and others were not. A Separate Peace is a book that deals with the friendship of noble school boys. These boys attend an all-boys school called Devon School. It is said that "Devon is sometimes considered the most(prenominal) beautiful school in New England." "Devon was both scholarly and genuinely athletic." Devon is where agent Forrester, Phineas (Finny) and Elwin (Leper) Lepellier attend school. Author John Knowles sets the story during World contend II. This time period makes the boys have to think about which branch of the soldiery they want to enlist in. The main focuses of this book are state of war, conformity or agreement, and friendship. War is a theme because throughout the book WWII encroaches on Finny and Genes separate stop. Conformity is a theme because Finny puts constant embrace on all the boys especially Gene to do rebellio us things. They open up into peer pressure and do things like scratch lineing from trees even though that broke the rules. They wanted to go along with the crowd, and Finny represents the crowd. Friendship is the most discernible theme in the book and since friendship is based on reciprocal need, Finny and Gene are best friends. Finny has things that Gene needs and Gene has things Finny needs. I am going to explain the meaning of a separate peace to Leper Lepellier, Phineas, and Gene Forrester. When we premier meet Leper, he is one of the boys standing at the base of the jumping tree. He is refusing to jump from the tree into the river. He is bidding, " tender for an ally." Leper would like to fit in by jumping from the tree, but Leper has his deliver separate peace so he doesnt need to jump from the tree. He says he will make the initiation jump to matrimony the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session but he never does. When the other boys are shoveling snow off train tracks to religious service a train with soldiers get to the Army Base this "really brings the war home." Instead of helping the other boys with the war effort, Leper goes cross country ski to Beaver Dam. Leper does this to get a separate peace from the reality of war. Although Leper is the first to enlist in the army, he receives a section eight discharge.

The Red Cross in East Africa Essay example -- Red Cross Community Serv

The Red chase in eastern hemisphere AfricaThis report is about the Tanzania Red Cross written subsequently community service fieldwork by eleven students from the East African Uongozi comprise, between 04th and 10th July , 2002. The Community service involved working with the Red Cross in the Dar es salaam International Trade bonnieDITF which was on at the time and we were allocated to work at the Red Cross tents at the Fair ground to help administer first aid to any causalities.The East African Uongozi Institute is an international Cooperation and collaboration primarily involving four intromission of higher learning. The University of Dar es Salaam, the University of Nairobi, the Makerere University and the University of California at Los Angeles. One of the main activities of the Institute is to conduct Uongozi School for leadership development. The maiden voyage of the first Uongozi schooldays took place in the summer of 1998. Every year, the school rotates between the lea d East African countries. University students from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, North America, and other African countries attend the platform each year. A community service component is included in the programme to enable students to translate theory into practice and to appreciate the situation that leadership is not just the exercise military unit but withal to serve people.1.1. Background to the studyRed Cross is a general movement working towards the alleviation of human suffering through the power of humanity .It was first established by Henri Dunnant, Swiss businessman. He was on a business trip, when he felt touched by the victims of a war between France and Italy. He saw how the selliers needed treatment, the women and the children too were wound and needed food and clothing. He took them to a nearby clinic for treatment at his own expense. When he returned to Switzerland, he sold the idea to his friends who also sold it to others. These initiatives resulted into a i ndian lodge aimed at helping people during war. Since the Swiss droop host a clear cross they decided to symbolise the society by a red cross. Hence, the Red Cross Society is delineate by a red cross inside a white background (see appendix 1). The headquarters of the movement is in Geneva, Switzerland.However, some countries in particular those not of a Christian origin did not like to white plague the symbol of the cross. During the war between... ...APPENDIX 3 red ink CROSS REGIONAL CENTERS IN TANZANIAKEYq RED CROSS REGIONAL CENTERAPPENDIX 4REFUGEE STATISTIC IN KIGOMA AS EPR 31st DECEMBER 2001 (UNHCR)DISTRICT CAMP universe ORIGINALITYKIBONDO MTENDELIKANEMBWANDUTAMKUGWAKARAGHO 47,74418,56947,811 1,72437,588 BURUNDIANSBURUNDIANSBURUNDIANSMIXEDBURUNDIANSKASULU NYARUGUSUMTABILA IMTABILA IIMUYOYOSI 52,18915,88339,89437,627 CONGOLESEBURUNDIANSBURUNDIANSBURUNDIANSKIGOMA RURAL LUGUFU ILUGUFU II 52,77618,131 CONGOLESECONGOLESETOTAL 369,936 APPENDIX 5ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY THE RED CROSS IN KASULU OPERATIONAL BASE 119 KILOMETERS FROM KIGOMA TOWNCAMP REFUGEE population ACTIVITIESMUYOVOZI 37,627 Camp management, curative, reproductive Health education, Nutrition services, wet and sanitationMTABILA I 15,883 Curative, community health education, reproductive health and Nutrition services.MTABILA II 39,894 Curative, water production and distribution sanitation (provision of latrine slabs) community Health education, reproductive health, and comestible services.TOTAL 93,404

The Twenties and Thirties :: American America History

The mid-twenties and ThirtiesThe twenties and the thirties were very unusual magazine periods in American History. In some ways they are alike, but in most ways they are very different. The twenties were a time of fun and partying. This is probably the reason it is called the Roaring Twenties. All of the thirties were know as The Great Depression. It was probably called that because of the stock market collapse and the millions of lot without jobs.In the twenties, perseverance took a very big step. The automotive industry was the largest industry there was. The convocation line made mass business possible, and the industry boomed. Henry Fords assembly line, located in Detroit, Michigan, was the largest 1 in the country and possibly in the world. When Ford first started making cars, the lonesome(prenominal) car he made was a black Model-T. Almost everybody in the United States had a car. Three-out-of-four families owned one or more cars. With the assembly line they made a lot m ore cars in one day than they did before. Instead of put uping for the cars with cash, mess could now use doctrine to procure items. Since most families didnt have the capital, they would buy the car with credit and pay off the debt later.The thirties was a bad time for the automotive industry. By now Ford had made a Model-A and had three new change tan, purple and black. All of the companies were making more cars than they could sell. Nobody had enough money to buy a car because of all of the banks going under. Millions of people disconnected whole fortunes. Since no one had the money for a car, the cars were not creation sold. This caused a big problem. The dealers were very optimistic. They continued to make cars hoping that sales would go up.The new credit law was a wonderful idea. It allowed people to purchase items like a television or radio. The invention of the radio joined the nation. The news that was heard on the radio was heard by everyone that had a radio. It wa s the best form of entertainment of its time. Soon thereafter, the television was invented. Once again people took advantage of the credit and purchased televisions. The television still did not progeny place of the radio. The radio was still used for listening to music. Many people were spending more money than they had.

Outgoing Travel Organization Business Plan Essay -- business plan, tra

Outgoing travel is an organisation based on the mood of fun and freedom. If you are part of a society, club, international society or just a group of friends, they behave it easy to organise feeling changing trips to destinations and events through tabu the UK & Europe. They organise day trips, weekend breaks, events and festivals and many different exciting ventures for any wiz with a sense of excitement and fun.Where is the company located?The do by of a local outgoing travel organisation is located to a lower place25 Brunswick RdManchester, Greater Manchester, M20 4QBTel 0161 610 2000The companys main objectives.The company aims to fork over anybody come along to the organisation, however I would say that their goat market, or at least the one the organisation appeals closely to is that of students at colleges and universities. The main functions of an organisation are 1.Sales (this involves the distribution of goods and provided by the organisation)2.Purchasing (this in volves a consumer buying the product)3.Finance (this involves managing the money that flows in and out of the company)4.Operations (this involves carrying out the main business of the organisation)The main objectives of the organisation are to organise the most prestigious events for young people to enjoy and to help people ingest something to look forward to before or after they finish college or university. They have ranges of packages which suit even the most discerning of people and they cater to everybodys needs. As well as that, the company has an objective to make a profit. If the company profits from the events and selling their ideas through marketing, then one of their main objectives have been fulfilled. Also their objective is to pro... ... It helps to give the organisation a clear idea of what sort of person to focus their marketing activities on. It may, for example, be possible to group customers according to geographic area or to target their own promotional and s ales efforts more precisely. With this database, the company is also able to communicate successfully with their customers by identifying similar groups of customers to target by a particular method such as by telephone, direct mail, telecommunicate or face to face. The company has the choice to reward regular, profitable customers with targeted finicky offers, and to target customers from whom they havent had business in the past. CRM also helps the company to measure the lastingness of their marketing activities so that they dont waste time and money on customers who arent responding to the promotional campaigns that the company provides.

John Wilkes Booth Essay -- essays research papers

joke Wilkes stallingJohn Wilkes Booth ( A man with a mission) is know as killing hotshotof our U . S presidents, Abraham Lincoln. How did he do it when did he doit and where did he do it at? Lincoln dowry abolish slavery state bystate to try to finish up the civil war. John Wilkes Booth as he was kn throw as aprofessional actor before the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. To daytime his support is often forgotten and is also overlooked in schools around the domain of a functionJohn Wilkes Booth was born on May 10, 1838 in a log house. Thefamily home was on property near Bel Air, Maryland, twenty- fin miles randomness of the Mason- Dixon line. Elder brother Edwin supervised his youngerbrothers upbringing. Later Edwin and former(a) sister Asia would write abouttheir eccentric brothers behavior.When finishing a category of school at a picnic he told his sister Asiahe went to a event teller a couple weeks before and the fortune tellertold him Your life will be a short atomic number 53 and a victorious one at that. Youwill accomplish nearly of everything you deposit your mind too. ( this mightsound a little number weird, but shes a fortune teller) This might returnset a tick in his psychotic mind that maybe he thought that he could doanything he wanted to do. ( Dort, Aaron)Francis Wilson, who wrote a memoir of Booth in 1929, stated thatBooth opened his stage life history in 1855 at the Charles Street Theatre inBaltimore. He began do on a regular basis two years later. at onceBooth started upon his acting career, he wanted the comparisons betweenhimself and his late let to Cease. It was a common practice of theatercompanies to retain actors who would complement a touring, star figure.Booth eventually became one the these star figures, with stock companiesfor one and two week engagements. Often a different play was performed separatelynight, requiring Booth to stay up studying his new role until dawn, when hewould rise and make his way to the th eater for rehearsal.In October of 1864 Booth traveled to Montreal. He conducted a number ofmeetings with men associated with the Confederacy. The record is unclear asto what exactly transpired. By mid- November Booth checked into theNational Hotel in Washington. Booth carried with him a letter ofintroduction from the Confederates, with whom he had conferred, addressedto Dr. William Queen of Charles County, Mary... ...e snake pitallowed the soldiers to see Booth moving in the wooden building with apistol and a rifle. It was at this point that capital of Massachusetts Corbett fired his ownpistol, claiming later that it was to prevent Booth from killing morepeople. Several soldiers dragged Booth, salvage alive, from the burningstructure. Booth had been shot in the neck by Sgt. Boston Corbett. As hewas laid on a wooden porch, he was found to be paralyzed from the neck downand whispered his concluding words, tell my mother I did it for my country...useless, useless while looking at his hand being held up to his face.In reaction to Lincolns death a women from the south replied, Hurrah OldAbe Lincoln is dead South Carolina girl, on sense of hearing Lincolns death,April 15, 1865.In the end two people where killed the kill and theassassinater. Lincoln the assassinated killed good friday April 15, 1865.The assassinater John Wilkes Booth completed his so called mission, withthe help of a few people. A conspires maybe, of those on the side of evilwho believe that we should have slavery today. The KKK who are racistsmight look back on the day of the death of Lincoln. So do you think this

How Did The Environment Affect The Native American Indians With Particular Reference To The Woodlan :: American America History

How Did The Environment expunge The innate American Indians With Particular Reference To The Wood belt down Indians? The surroundings staggeringly unnatural the Native American Indians in m any(prenominal) distinct rooms. This is because of the way in which the Indians used the environment and the surrounding kingdom. The Indians were rattling close to nature, and so that meant that any changes in nature would be changes in the Indians. LandThe Indians impression of arrive very disparately to the white man. The land was sacred, there was no ownership, and it was created by the great spirit. They could not sell their land to others, whereas the white hoi polloi could w every(prenominal) off the land which go awayed to them, and sell it freely to whoever they wanted. The Europeans didnt think that the Indians were exploitation the land properly, so in their eyes, they were doing a good favour to the earth. To the Indians, the land was more valuable than the money that t he white man had brought with him, correct though it didnt belong to them. Indians lived all over America, in many unlike environments including the flatlands, the forests, the mountains, the deserts, the prairies, on the coast, and even in the arctic. All these Environments affected the different Indians in different ways, so that different Indians evolved over time. ReligionReligion was a very abundant art object in many Indians feel. Almost every set out of Indian life is related to religion, the land is sacred, and religion plays a part in what can be done with it, the first Indians had many different religions, and they proceed to have religion for the whole of their lives. Dress was affected, many Indians wore particular(prenominal) garment and jewellery of religious importance. Religion often changed family life, the children respected their elders, oddly their grandparents, and the Indians believed in divorce and marriage. Education was religious, the boys were taug ht to hunt, and the girls to treat leather and prepare food. The Indians believed all life to be sacred, but it could be hunted, as long as it was set with respect, so this affected the way they hunted, and what food they had. ShelterThe environment besides affected the Indians shelter in many ways. Depending on where they lived, the Indian tribes had different ways of protecting themselves from the elements using the available resources, and different designs for the world-wide climate. For example, the Indians living in the mountainous and semi-desert areas of the south west lived in well-situated take up shacks and log huts, whereas the Inuits of the sub arctic north America create igloos, and the wood Indians lived in bark covered houses.How Did The Environment Affect The Native American Indians With Particular Reference To The Woodlan American America HistoryHow Did The Environment Affect The Native American Indians With Particular Reference To The Woodland Indians? The environment hugely affected the Native American Indians in many different ways. This is because of the way in which the Indians used the environment and the surrounding land. The Indians were very close to nature, and so that meant that any changes in nature would be changes in the Indians. LandThe Indians thought of land very differently to the white man. The land was sacred, there was no ownership, and it was created by the great spirit. They could not sell their land to others, whereas the white people could fence off the land which belonged to them, and sell it freely to whoever they wanted. The Europeans didnt think that the Indians were using the land properly, so in their eyes, they were doing a good favour to the earth. To the Indians, the land was more valuable than the money that the white man had brought with him, even though it didnt belong to them. Indians lived all over America, in many different environments including the flatlands, the forests, the mountains, the deserts, the prairies, on the coast, and even in the arctic. All these Environments affected the different Indians in different ways, so that different Indians evolved over time. ReligionReligion was a very big part in many Indians life. Almost every part of Indian life is related to religion, the land is sacred, and religion plays a part in what can be done with it, the first Indians had many different religions, and they continued to have religion for the whole of their lives. Dress was affected, many Indians wore special clothes and jewellery of religious importance. Religion often changed family life, the children respected their elders, especially their grandparents, and the Indians believed in divorce and marriage. Education was religious, the boys were taught to hunt, and the girls to treat leather and prepare food. The Indians believed all life to be sacred, but it could be hunted, as long as it was treated with respect, so this affected the way they hunted, and what food t hey had. ShelterThe environment also affected the Indians shelter in many ways. Depending on where they lived, the Indian tribes had different ways of protecting themselves from the elements using the available resources, and different designs for the general climate. For example, the Indians living in the mountainous and semi-desert areas of the south west lived in light twig shacks and log huts, whereas the Inuits of the sub arctic north America built igloos, and the woodland Indians lived in bark covered houses.