The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering :: essays research papers

The formal definition of genetic engineering given in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is the directed alteration of genetic strong by intervention in genetic processes. Stated in another counselling, it is a scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism. There are some(prenominal) different methods in genetic engineering, but the goal of all the methods is to manipulate the genetic material (DNA) of the cells in a living organism in order to either change it hereditary traits or to produce biological products. Genetic engineering techniques have been experimented with in many different areas including in bacteria, naturally produced drugs, plants, livestock, and laboratory animals. Much of the processes dealing with genetic engineering are still in the experimental stages. As a final result of this, it is required that most genetically engineered products get approval from specific U.S. governmental agencies such as the FDA.Genetic engineering ha s only become possible and more(prenominal) understandable genuinely recently. Since scientists have been able to map out most of the gene locations in DNA, they have discovered ways to manipulate the genes. It is a very serious and controversial matter because it raises many ethical, legal, and moral issues, especially in dealing with genetic engineering in serviceman beings. There are largely three methods used in the manipulation of human genes and they are cloning, somatic cell manipulation, and human germline manipulation. Very basically, cloning is creating exact copies of an organisms DNA and creating a sunrise(prenominal) organism with this same DNA. The new organisms will be physically identical to the original organism. Somatic cell manipulation is simply injecting new genes into somatic cells in order to cure a disease such as hemophilia. Germline manipulation is altering the genes in sex cells that are passed onto offspring, so that the offspring will posses author ized specific characteristics. From the descriptions of these few processes, it can be seen why genetic engineering has become such a controversial issue. Genetic engineering deals with the very intricate, orderly, processes of human life. Genetics is so complex that it is extremely risky to be getting too far into the engineering without knowing the exact results of the actions. Unfortunately, experimentation is the only way to discover some of the outcomes. Some scientists argue that the medical benefits of genetic engineering could be so great, that the experimentation is worth it. There is the possibility that cures to life-threatening diseases could be found through genetic engineering in somatic cell manipulation, for example.

Farenheit 451 as a Warning :: Farenheit 451 Essays

Farenheit 451 as a Warning         What are the rights of a establishment? Does the organisation have the right to control what we think and where we get our intellectual stimulation? After the Constitution of the United States was drafted, a Bill of Rights containing ten articles was adopted and ratified by the thirteen states. In the first article, it guaranteed the people the freedom of religion, speech, the press, and public assembly. People were given the right to enrich themselves with knowledge accumulated through their readings from whatever source they chose and to make criticism towards the government as they saw fit. Because of the liberty given to its people, it is no wonder that the United States government is considered a model government in the world today. Any sound government would allow its people to make their own free judgement according to their knowledge from any sources they may gather.              Ray Bradburys vision of a disordered world was expressed in his book Fahrenheit 451. Set in the future, it deals with a humanss struggle between his hurtful government position and his inner self-conscience. Guy Montag was a fireman but he did not put out fires. Instead, he created them through the burning of books. This was what Bradbury was trying to imply through the title of his book, Fahrenheit 451, the temperature at which books burn. Montag was leading a fairly happy life until he met a girl, Clarisse, who aroused his deepest feelings and fears. He became inquiring about the contents of books and wondered why they were so feared. This led him through a series of events which changed his life forever. When Montag asked Beatty about the burning of books he was told, If you dont want a man to be unhappy politically, dont give him two sides to a question to worry him give him one. Better yet, give him none. The futurist government displayed in Fahrenheit 451 well-tried to prevent any feelings or opinions contrary to their own because they did not want to be challenged. Instead, they fed unwanted junk into the minds of their people through the parlor, a border to wall television. This machine, that does not inspire the thinking process, lead them to make the conclusion that their world revolves around it and nothing else.

Production Notes :: College Theatre Festival Papers

Production NotesPreface The slides and video that are found on this web site are recordings of a business of Measure for Measure mounted at the College of the Holy Cross in the fall of 1996. In February, 1997, the production was re-mounted at Brandeis University as part of the American College champaign Festival. The following notes formed the conceptual basis for the production. First Response In the final months of the twentieth century, Measure provides us with a searing allegory about a society that is divided severely along economic and social lines. The ubiquitious moral rot of Shakespeares play parallels our contemporary world. The political and social hypocricy of rulers who abuse power for ad hominem gain while criticizing and punishing the lower classes comes right out of the evening news. Some issues of the play hit home harder today and in a radically different manner then they would have in Shakespeares day. Ideas such as sexual harrassment and immorality connote w ildly different things to a contemporary audience, in particular in light of recent current events. Talking Points I. Measure for Measure is a play about power--political, economic, and sexual power--and how these three interrelated phenomena intersect with catastrophic consequences when they are abused by an inadequate leader. But it is essential to note that the play is not against the use of power per se, because the entire crisis is instigated by the failure of a rightful ruler to exercise properly his responsibilities of office. Indeed, the entire arc of the play is about how this ruler--Duke Vincentio--learns about the nature of power and the necessity of its public demonstration. It can be argued that, in many respects, the play is a primer about effective leadership and essential be viewed as a humanistic revision of Machievellis The Prince. II. policy-making power must be exercised correctly and sexual desires must be pursued properly. Without sex there is no propag ation of the species and without political restraint there is no maintenance of the social order. Political responsibility cannot be avoided and neither can the fundamental need of humans to fornicate. Without restraint, however, the pursuit of these intersecting fundamental drives go away undermine the stability of society. Measure for Measure argues that political power must be exercised in a principled manner and sexual intercourse must occur under the sanction of marriage. III. A recurring theme in the plays of Shakespeare is the nature of effective leadership.

The Effects of Alcoholism :: essays research papers

How many times have you heard about the consequences of alcoholism? Have you taken them into account? Alcoholism is one of the major problems in society. The effects of this disease argon really serious. Many people get used to drink alcohol, and they can easily abuse, that is the problem. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the physical, psychological, and economic effects of alcoholism.The first effects of alcoholism are physical. These are the most important because these can cause your death. For example, alcoholism causes cancer in the stomach, kidneys, and liver. Besides, alcohol alters the digestion of nutrients that the luggage compartment needs to stay healthy. Alcoholism also causes loss of appetite and depression. There are other effects in the body like gastritis and cirrhosis of the liver. every last(predicate) these physical consequences could cause your death if you drink alcohol in mass quantities.The second effects caused by alcoholism are psychological. At th e beginning, alcohol makes you sprightliness relaxed, but if you drink it in excess, it increases anxiety and causes depression. It also causes family and legal problems, violence, changes of behavior, suicide, among others. Alcohol is very powerful and alters all your normal behaviors. The third effects of alcoholism are economic. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, drug abuse and dependence cost an estimated $98 billion. Alcohol is not cheap. If you drink two or three times in a week, it could cost you about $100 or more a week People do not work out about the money and spend almost everything when they are drunk.In conclusion, the effects of alcoholism which are physical, psychological, and economic can cause many problems that affect your invigoration in all aspects.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The Great GatsbyF. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great Gatsby is a symbolic novel of the disintegration of the American dream in an era of extraordinary prosperity and material excess. On the surface, we see that it is a story about the love between a man and a woman but the overall tooth root is the collapse of the American dream in society. We find that every character in their own way is searching for their American dream but as a result, their desire for wealth and pleasure, caused them to find themselves lost in the corruption of the aristocrat society.Daisy is one of the characters that is trying to search for her American dream but the readers slangt really notice this because it seems that Daisy has every thing already wealth, a husband, love and family. It is everything she could possibly want but as we get to know Daisy, the reader sees that there is something else Daisy desires anyhow wealth and luxurious material. Im glad its a girl. And I hope shell be a horse around that s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool. - Pg 21. Daisys America dream is to be this beautiful little fool she envisions. Daisy is beautiful and it is told through the characters that she is charming and beautiful but they could see right through her. They knew what she wanted in life and the fact that she was void of any allegiance or care. Daisy sought after this image of being this beautiful little fool so that she could hide her selfish ways and put on this dupery faade so the other characters would see she is innocent. Throughout the novel, Daisy acts snooty and stuck-up around the other characters as if she is better then them. She also acts very child-like when she cries over beautiful shirts. Theyre such beautiful shirts, she sobbed, her voice muffled in the thick folds. It makes me sad because Ive never seen such such beautiful shirts before. Pg 98. From this it shows that she but cares about luxurious material. Through her actions, we see that Daisy is not this girl that we should sympathize or look up to as great compared to Gatsby. Even if we are cousins. You didnt come to my wedding. I wasnt back from the war. Thats true. She hesitated. Well, Ive had a very bad time, Nick, and Im pretty cynical about everything.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The Great GatsbyF. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great Gatsby is a symbolic novel of the disintegration of the American dream in an era of extraordinary prosperity and fabric excess. On the surface, we see that it is a story or so the love between a man and a woman but the overall theme is the generate of the American dream in society. We find that every character in their own way is searching for their American dream but as a result, their desire for wealthiness and pleasure, caused them to find themselves lost in the corruption of the aristocrat society.Daisy is one of the characters that is trying to search for her American dream but the readers dont really notice this because it seems that Daisy has everything already wealth, a husband, love and family. It is everything she could possibly want but as we get to know Daisy, the reader sees that there is something else Daisy desires besides wealth and luxurious material. Im glad its a girl. And I hope shell be a fool thats the best thi ng a girl can be in this world, a splendiferous little fool. - Pg 21. Daisys America dream is to be this bewitching little fool she envisions. Daisy is beautiful and it is told through the characters that she is charming and beautiful but they could see right through her. They knew what she wanted in life and the fact that she was void of any loyalty or care. Daisy sought after this image of being this beautiful little fool so that she could hide her selfish ways and put on this fake faade so the other characters would see she is innocent. Throughout the novel, Daisy acts snooty and stuck-up around the other characters as if she is better then them. She also acts very child-like when she cries over beautiful shirts. Theyre such beautiful shirts, she sobbed, her voice muffled in the thick folds. It makes me sad because Ive never seen such such beautiful shirts before. Pg 98. From this it shows that she only cares about luxurious material. Through her actions, we see that Daisy is not this girl that we should sympathize or look up to as great compared to Gatsby. Even if we are cousins. You didnt practice to my wedding. I wasnt back from the war. Thats true. She hesitated. Well, Ive had a very bad time, Nick, and Im pretty cynical about everything.

Christmas in Mexico Essay

IntroductionThesis (Purpose Statement) The purpose of this paper is to define what Christmas is, explain how it is celebrated in some(a) parts of Mexico, and describe some typical Christmas nourishments associated with it. BodyParagraph 1Topic article of faith Studying the definition of the word Christmas stand help us understand the background merchantman this holiday. Supporting SentencesChristmas, coming from Old English Cristes maesse or Christs mass, is a celebration of the nativity of Jesus Christ. Celebrations of the winter solstice in the Northern cerebral hemisphere have been a time of rejoicing among many ancient cultures. The reason for celebrating Christmas on December 25th is still unclear. Paragraph 2Topic Sentence Cultural traditions have had an influence on the Christmas celebrations of today in Mexico. Supporting SentencesThe celebration of the winter solstice in Mexico even proceeded the arrival of the Spanish who brought Christianity with them. One of the oldes t traditional events in Mexico, Las Posadas (meaning lodgings). Other non-religious activities are also held during that season including parades and piatas.Paragraph 3Topic Sentence In addition to Christmas activities, many food dishes are served during this period.Supporting SentencesPerhaps the most popular of all Christmas foods in Mexico are tamales. Other pastries are also eaten as well.ConclusionAs you can see from my paper, Christmas is an important in the lives of the Mexican people.ReferencesCalifornia Mall. (1999). MEXICO Feliz Navidad. Online. addressable http//www.californiamall.com/holidaytraditions/traditions-mexico.htm (2000,April 16).The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. (2001). Available http//www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Christms.html (2001, March 29)Collins, C. (1999). An introduction to A Christmas kitchen in Mexico. Online. Available http//www.mexconnect.com/mex_/recipes/christmasintro.html (1999, November 1).Devlin, W. (1999). History of the piata. Online. Avai lable http//www.mexconnect.com/mex_/travel/wdevlin/wdpinatahistory.html (2000, April 16).Gonzales, Juanita (juanitacompuserve.com.mx). (1998, November 30). Games at Christmas. E-mail to Masako Arai (araihotmail.com).Klebanow, B., & Fischer, S. (1986). American holidays. Brattleboro, VT Pro Lingua Associates.Marshall, A. (1999). Christmas In Mexico. Online. Available http//www.nacnet.org/assunta/nacimnto.htm (2000, April 15).Jasmine, J. (1994). Multicultural holidays. Huntington Beach, CA Teacher Created Materials.Palfrey, D. H. (1996). Feliz Navidad do merry in Mexico. Online. Available http//www.mexconnect.com/mex_/christmas.html (1999, November 3).Perez, Jose (perezmexl.com). (1998, December 17). Christmas in my city. E-mail to Masako Arai (araihotmail.com).Perton, Marvin. (1998). Celebrating Christmas in Mexico. Online. http//www.mexonline.com/xmas.htm (December 15, 1998).The Presidency of Mexico (2000). Christmas in Mexico. Online. Available http//world.presidencia.gob.mx/page s/culture/note_christmas.html (2000, April 16).

Blood Alcohol Level (Bal) Essay

The amount of alcoholic beverage in your blood stream is referred to as Blood Alcohol Level (BAL). It is recorded in milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood, or milligrams percent. For example, a BAL of . 10 means that 1/10 of 1 percent (or 1/1000) of your total blood content is alcohol. When you drink alcohol it goes directly from the concentrate into the blood stream. This is why you typically feel the effects of alcohol quite quickly, especially if you havent eaten for a while. BAL depends on 1. Amount of blood (which testament increase with weight) and 2.The amount of alcohol you consume over time (the faster you drink, the higher your BAL, as the liver can only handle about a drink per hourthe rest builds up in your blood stream). Understanding the effects of a rising BAL can be very helpful in controlling drinking. Be dispirited are the consequences of various Blood Alcohol Levels,from a book by William R. Miller and Ricardo F. Munoz called, How to Control your Dr inkling A Practical Guide to answer adapted Drinking (1982) .02 MELLOW FEELING. SLIGHT BODY WARMTH. LESS INHIBITED. .05 NOTICEABLE RELAXATION. LESS ALERT. LESS SELF-FOCUSED.COORDINATION IMPAIRMENT BEGINS. .08 DRUNK DRIVING LIMIT. DEFINITE IMPAIRMENT IN COORDINATION AND JUDGMENT. .10 NOISY. doable EMBARRASSING BEHAVIOR. MOOD SWINGS. REDUCTION IN REACTION TIME. .15 IMPAIRED BALANCE AND MOVEMENT. CLEARLY DRUNK. .30 MANY PASS OUT. .40 MOST PASS OUT SOME DIE. .50 alert STOPS. MANY DIE. As can be seen, the most reliably pleasurable effects of alcohol occur when BAL rises to about . 03-. 05. Alcohol researchers have discovered that low levels of alcohol have a specific effect on thinking alcohol results in a reduction of self-monitoring. (Hull & Reilly, 1986). What this means is that small quantities of alcohol alter you to take your mind off yourself and your worries. Not surprisingly, this effect reduces tension and enhances relaxation in many people. Some people find this effect so reward that they continue to drink. Unfortunately, these relaxing effects diminish as BAL rises above . 05. Instead emerge a host of negative effects, such as less wound up control, coordination and judgment impairment, hangovers and obnoxious behavior.One way of controlling alcohol is to learn to gauge BAL by internal sensations and to attend to the reinforcing signs of a low BAL. Doing so entrust enable you to be more in control of how much you drink and, by focusing your attention on the initial pleasurable effects, be able to enjoy alcohol with less negative consequences. Blood Alcohol Level Charts are available in a number of resources. For example, How to Control your Drinking A Practical Guide to Responsible Drinking (Miller & Munoz, 1982) Contains tables which list BAL values by gender, weight, number of drinks consumed and number of hours drinking.THE FINAL CALL BREATHALYZER is a very useful tool in monitoring BAL. The one-time use breathalyzers are small glass tubes whi ch contain yellow crystals that have been impregnated with a reactive chemical that turns green when alcohol is present. One must breath into the balloon provided and then let it deflate into the tube. The BAL reading appears in about a minute. Final Call assesses BAL with a allowance of error of plus or minus . 02. The Final Call Breathalyzer is useful because your BAL can be quickly assessed so that you get immediate feedback.

Systems Model; Critique

Critique the relevance of the organisations model to the study of politics Models, theories and concepts as approaches for analysing constitution and decision making have been developed by semi policy-making and social scientists to guide the study of public form _or_ clay of organization, to facilitate communication and to suggest possible explanations for policy actions. This essay is a critique of the relevance of the bodys model to the study of politics. A model is conceptually defined as a theoretical representation of empirical data that aims to advance understanding through highlighting of significant relationships and interactions. fit to Heywood (2007) one of the most influential models in political analysis is the Political establishment model developed by David Easton (1979, 1981) which aims to explain the entire political process including the functions of the major political actors through what is called systems analysis. A system is an organised and complex who le, a set of interrelated and interdependent parts that form a collective entity. Roskin, Cord, Medeiros & Jones (1997) concur that in the political systems model the politics of a given ground worked the same way as a biological system.Here they were trying to emphasise the interrelationships and inter dependence likening it to the biological human body how the several(a) organs needed or related to each otherwise and likening this to the political system. Systems theory is therefore the theory that treats the political system as a self regulating mechanism responding to inputs (demands and supports) by issuing authoritative decisions or outputs (policies). David Eastons model illustrated the existence of a linkage between inputs and outputs in a political system(Heywood, 2007).Inputs consist of demands and support from the general public and demands in a political system range from pressure for the need of a higher shopworn of living, improved employment opportunities, greater protection to minorities, improved social benefits among many. Support on the other hand includes ways in which the public responds to the political system that is by paying taxes, offering compliance to the state through participation in public life and other societal issues. Heywood (ibid) pull ahead asserts that outputs on the other and are in the form of laws promulgated by political sympathies, consisting of decisions and actions of government that is the passing of laws, the imposition of taxes and most importantly allocation of public funds. The outputs generate feedback which consist of further demands and support from the general public. Further Easton referred to what he called gatekeepers being political parties, church organisations, pressure groups which gatekeepers manage the perception of the plenty and convey their inputs in the form of demands and supports. Outputs from government go back to the people and the cycle goes on and on.He projected that a political system tends to operate at equilibrium as its natural selection depends on outputs being brought into line with inputs. However, according to Anderson (1997) the usefulness of the systems theory in studying public policy is limited by its highly general and diddle character. Older studies have devoted little attention to the nature and definition of public problems. It is now conventional wisdom that policy study that does not intend the characteristics and dimensions of the problems that stimulate government action is less than complete.In Eastons model there is no clarity on the inputs which are the problems of the public. It gives a general notion of society. The importance lies in knowing both why few problems are acted on and others are neglected and why a problem is defined in one way rather than another. It is also important to know the nature of the problem whether it is foreign or domestic, a red-hot item or an runner of an existing policy to determine the ensuing p olicy making process, issues that the systems model is silent on. fit to Jackson & Jackson (2003) the basic argument of systems analysis is that governments are the centre of political systems which involves three stages mainly the effects of the environment on a political system by making multiple demands, as strong as providing fundamental support. A demand can be defined as a condition or situation that produces needs or dissatisfaction among people for which relief or redress is sought.For example problems such as air pollution, unwholesome food, abortion, urban congestion, crowded prisons and global warming are conditions that may run problems if they produce sufficient anxiety or dissatisfaction to cause people to seek a remedy. For this to happen people mustiness have some criterion or standard by which the troubling condition is judged to be both unreasonable or unacceptable and appropriate for government to handle Anderson (1997). Conditions do not extend public problem s unless they are defined as such, articulated by someone or defined as such.The systems model therefore does not explore these highlighted problems. According to Jackson & Jackson (ibid) the systems analysis is criticised often arguing that the model on which it is based does not help discern which part of a political system are essential or influential. It is further struggled that it is impossible to predict how or even whether a change in one part of the system allow affect another part. Furthermore political systems are not as closely related as the model implies. Political systems are not as static as the model impliesAnother criticism of the systems theory is that it does not acknowledge the changes that occur with time. According to Roskin (et al) systems change over time with the rise of new powers, new technologies and new alliances. It does not even recognise the existence of bigger entities with many components for example countries or groups of countries that interact with each other forming international systems. To some the fall of the Soviet empire in the 1990s marked the end of the cold war and the bipolar system.But some argue that the bipolar system did not end with the collapse of the Soviet Union, but rather a multi polar economics race emerged. As Moscow gave up the East European nations and no longer posed any invasion threat to Western Europe which moved closer to unity in the European Union (EU). alone barriers among the fifteen members disappeared, producing a single economy if not a single political entity. The United States on the other hand had some economic problems, massive trade deficits following massive budget deficits making it the biggest debtor.It could no longer call the tune and get alliance from allies in Europe and Asia. Countries of the east bloc consolidated their political system significantly. The systems model is limited in this sense in that its diagrammatic representation is only limited to small entities. A ccording to Anderson (ibid) a condition to be turned into a problem, must be seen as an appropriate topic for governmental action and further, as something for which there is a possible governmental remedy or solution.The systems model does not articulate the inputs fed into gate keepers, neither does it clarify the difference between conditions and problems. Those who oppose government action to ban smoking in public places may argue that tobacco smoke is not harmful, or that smoke is a matter of respective(prenominal) choice and should not be regulated. Professor Wildavsky contends that officials are unlikely to deal with a problem unless it is coupled with a solution. He thus, states that a problem is a problem only if something can be done about it,(Anderson, ibid). Thus in Eastons model there is no emphasis on the nature of the inputs.Power distribution in the systems model is not adequately explored in the graphical representation. In todays world for example the American sys tem, political power is fragmented and dispersed by constitutional prescription and political practice. Many points of official decision making exist and a multitude of officials division in the exercise of political power and the formulation of public policy. Structural functionalism focuses on the different levels of a system and their reciprocal influences and also the possibility of making generalisations about them.It is premised on what structures perform what functions in any given system and under what conditions. Key proponent Almond (1960) critically examined Eastons model and proceeded to calculate for the functions that could be included among the inputs and outputs of a political system and identified six functions. Chief among these functions is interest articulation, interest aggregation, rule application and adjudication and communication. Political systems consist of units or structures that perform certain or particular functions.The detailed variables with which the model is concerned are structural that is pressure groups, political parties, the legislature among many. Political systems are compared on the basis of the functions that are performed by their units. However, according to Jackson &Jackson (ibid), the structural functional approach does not accommodate itself well to the state as a dynamic entity. The mechanical role of performing functions is assigned to the state. It ignores the human element that those who perform functions of the state may have their own interests.Some critics even argue that structural functional approach places too much emphasis on technology and rational procedures and obscures the relationship between structures and functions. Almond seems to contend that all systems must evolve in the same manner and direction as did the Anglo American Democracies if they wish to develop to higher political stages. David Eastons model of a political system is the basis of most contemporary political systems. But howev er, it is only ideal as there are constant changes that occur in the society we live in, therefore an equilibrium can never be achieved.It forms a basis of analysis upon which scientific generalisations can be made. REFERENCE Anderson, J. E. Public policy making An introduction (3rd edition). Houghton Mifflin Company Boston Heywood, A. (2007). Politics (3rd edition). Palgrave Macmillan New York Jackson, R. J. & Jackson, D. (2003). An introduction to political science. Prentice manor hall Toronto Roskin, M, Cord, R. L, Medeiros, J. A, & Jones, W. S. (1997). Political science an introduction (6th edition). Prentice Hall International (UK) Limited London

Stonyfield Case Study

Stony matter Case subject field PowerPoint Script Introduction of Team Diversity Members AMBA Team Summary of Stonyfield Farm Case Study I. What factors should StonyField Farm review before going international? Reasons to expand in international markets Increased profits in international markets Expansion and diversification of customer base New business opportunities and investments Major Factors to consider before going International Minimizing Production Costs Researching the labor laws of the specific country Working with topical anaesthetic vendors and suppliers directly Dealing with low trade barriers Utilizing subsidies from topical anaesthetic governments Resources access to inexpensive resources and raw materials Economies of Scale Strategies to reducing ware costs Knowing of the geographical position for the international expansion Understanding the markets- knowing consumers wants and needs Knowing the foreign countries economic and political systems Econo mies of Scope The variety of products and services the company wants to offers (Daft, 2010) Determining the geographic regions of expansion Knowing the markets size II. What are the major ways for Stonyfield to take their operations global? Form Strategic Alliances with local partners Indirect Exporter Creating strategic alliances with some early(a) firms to increase market share ( Horngren, Sundem and Stratton, 2002) Contract with local vendors and suppliers to manage resources Direct Exporting Methods Establishing a domestic-based merchandise department Creating overseas sales branches or subsidiaries Utilizing export sales representative using foreign based distributors and agents Licensing Stonyfield could consider selling its rights to other companies to use as trademarked names in the foreign markets colligation Ventures and Consortia Establishing a separate entity with two or more active firms in the industry as sponsors Stonyfield farm will benefit from sharing development and work cost, and penetrate new markets Combined knowledge of local markets, shared strengths in technology and distribution channels will make them marketable III. Recommendations for StonyField Farm on how they should restructure to take their operations global?Slide 1 Stonyfield in the Multinational stage and the re-structured company Start by exporting products via strategic alliances with local partners for a test period. Evaluate the market demand and profit forecasts make a decision on further expansion. Expanding to the Multinational stage with Overseas farms & gross revenue Teams Stonyfield establishes farms and sales teams in their host countries This will reduce delivery time and cost. It will also ensure fresh products and eco-friendly message.Operations & Strategy department in doubt office oversees all location specific teams Basic farm production would be globally standardized for quality control Overseas teams would puzzle self-direction ove r marketing, packaging/labeling, shipping, and special flavors for local tastes. It will make them more adaptable. pic Slide 2 Structure of the local teams, outsourcing local roles and use of technology Managers have full autonomy in pursuing local opportunities, and maintain good supply chain relationships. HR, marketing and sales and other staff can be hired locally or outsourced to local companies. Local staffs knowledge of the host country culture and nuances will be useful in understanding the market. Technology for the new global organizational structure Software technology will allow flow of information between overseas and field offices. Allows for flow of ideas, information, and troubleshooting. Software tracking system will also allow tracking of supplies and products. IV. How can Stonyfield Farm mange to maintain their eco-friendly operations internationally?Explore reliable operating functions and all potential factors Stonyfield should conduct research on farmin g and dairy production industries in both UK and France Should do research about the market, competitors and other eco friendly competitions Environmental impact of Stonyfield products and host country regulations Become familiar with applicable environsal regulations They learn about the impact of this environmental standards and regulations It will be advantageous for Stonyfield to review the international established regulations and revise its operating standards Recycling and waste direction is another important regulation that should be taken seriously. Minimizing eco-friendly production costs in host countries Production costs will be expensive as transitioning into foreign markets is challenging Operations need to be restructured to tension on sustaining manufacturing and design Stonyfields main objective is to consume minimal amounts of resources and energy using recycled materials Clear production and pricing strategy It is necessary for Stonyfield to cook a def ined production and pricing strategy They need to continually make production more efficient, work to decrease waste and resource use of goods and services Consumer patronage of eco-friendly products and their concerns Recent studies indicate that 93 percent of consumers say they actively participate in eco-friendly events and 37 percent of those individuals are concerned about the environment (Borin, Cerf, & Krishnan, 2011). The a growing demand or eco-friendly products (Borin, Cerf, & Krishnan, 2011) Marketing eco-friendly products More companies are creating their own labels in their effort to differentiate themselves in the market place Stonyfields marketing plan should focus on packaging and labeling with eco friendly logos, making sure all messages are legible and informative. They should also refer to packaging regulations and kelvin marketing tools Importance of labeling in eco-friendly products Labeling is important because it informs the customers about the quality of the products and its shows value (Menzel, Smagin, & David, 2010). When labeling the package, Stonyfield should remember to focus on informing the consumer about the consumer about the product. References AMBA 610 Course engage Daft, R L. , (2010). Organization theory and design (10th ed. ), 211-216, Mason, OH Thomson South-Western. Borin, N. , Cerf, D. C. , & Krishnan, R. (2011). Consumer effects of environmental impact in product labeling. Journal of Consumer Marketing , 28 (1), 78-86. Horngren, C. T, Sundem, G. L. & Stratton, W. O (2002). Introduction to management accounting (12th ed. ), 227-235.Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Grimm, M. (2005, November 28). Progressive business, Brandweek, 46 (43), 26. Retrieved December 17, 2010 from http//ezproxy. umuc. edu/login? url=http//search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=bth&AN=20445636&login. asp& point=ehost-live&scope=site Gurtoo, A. , & Antony, S. (2007). Environmental regulations Indirect and unintended cons equences on economy and business. Management of Environmental Quality An International Jornal , 18 (6), 626-637. Menzel, V. , Smagin, J. , & David, F. (2010). Can companies profit from greener manufacturing? Measuring Business honesty , 14 (2), 22-31.

Advertising and Its Effect on the Demand Curve

THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND ECON7002 Markets in Action advertize and its effect on the pauperism curve Markets in Action Advertising and its effect on the demand curve publicise has al managements been an important market dodge for firms to accomplish their goals. From cereal companies to airline companies, it is inevitable to go with the process of advert. However, what purpose does advertising serve for consumers and suppliers in the market? In this report, it is to examine the relationship between advertising and the market demand curve.Moreover, the impact that advertising brings toward the consumers and the company supplying the product or help. It is no doubt that wads income is always limited relatively to commonwealths wants. Consumers therefore have to make choices among different products and benefits (P&S) to avenge their unlimited wants with limited income. Firms take advantage of this issue by advertising the P&S they produce to increase their profits. There be two primary formers for companies to advertise their products and services.The first motive is to free the demand curve to the right, meaning an increase in market demand for a product/service. The second motive is to lower the rubber bandity of the demand curve, meaning the demand for a product/service is less(prenominal) affected when the price of that product/service changes (Sloman, Norris & Garratt 2010). There ar a get of reasons that causes a demand curve to shift to the right. In the case of publicizing, changing the taste perceptions and tastes of the consumers tummy have a significant effect on demand.By enhancing the taste and preference of consumers, it draws new and inexperienced customers to purchase the product/service (Acharyya & Mukherjee 2003). Therefore, advertising brings a firms product/service to more(prenominal) peoples attention and increases the peoples desire for purchasing it. Advertisements can also eliminate the possible limitations in the k nowledge of consumers and familiarize them with new randomness well-nigh the product/service. Consumers can not review the qualities and values for most products and services in the market until it is purchased, much(prenominal) as kitchen appliances or automobiles.With providing information about the product/service by advertizings, the firm aims to influence the purchasing decision and raise the willingness to pay of the consumers (Erdem, Keane & Sun 2007). For example, SONY can change the consumers purchasing preference and taste by conducting a computer technology exhibition that displays the relevant technology information about the computers. Another example is McDonalds creating a picture technical about shaker fries to inform customers about this new product. Below is a figure illustration that shows the effect of advertising by a rightward shift in the demand curve.With the supply curve unaffected, it can be seen that the quantity demanded increases from Q to Q when the demand curve shifts to the right. As for the price of the product/service, it increases from P to P. Figure1. raise of advertising by a rightward shift in the demand curve Price elasticity is the responsiveness of consumer demand when the price of the product/service rises or falls. Firms therefore use advertisements to affect consumers purchasing decisions by compelling people to buy their product/service over competitors. This means to make their product/service highly inelastic relatively compargond to their competitors substitutes.So what reckons influence the price elasticity of demand? In this report, five determinants are examined. The first figure is the number and closeness of substitute product/service. For companies that have monopoly power such as oil and electricity, an advertising scheme is usually unnecessary as consumer demand are already consistent regardless of a change in price. On the other hand, firms that have competitors attempts to use advertising plans to create product differentiation. The second factor is the proportion of income spent on the product/service.Product/service purchases which have a small portion to total expenditure tends to have a lower elasticity, since consumers has less difficulty with the extra expenditure when prices go up. For example, salt and pepper. The third factor is whether the product/service is a lavishness or a necessity. Products/services which are necessary easilys tend to be more inelastic as they are used to fulfill the basic needs of a consumer even if the prices go up. Whereas luxury goods are more elastic as purchases can be postponed to the future. For example, laundry detergent is a necessity and Tiffany & Co jewelry is a luxury.The forth factor is whether or not the product/service is addictive. Products/services that are costume forming tend to be inelastic as they are required to satisfy the habit of the consumer. For example, cigarettes and alcohol beverages are addictive goods. The last but not the least factor is the amount of time consumers have to respond to a change in the price. With a longer time period, the elasticity of demand is more elastic as consumers have more time to adjust their purchasing habit (Welker 2010). In a competitive industry such as electronic products and clothing, the demand curves are most likely elastic.Advertising attempts to make the demand curve of the product/service more inelastic by utilizing the first and third factor in the previous paragraph. Creating more product differentiation to their substitutes and making their products as a necessity. A major method of product differentiation is to instill consumers with provoker loyalty. With brand loyal consumers, they are willing to purchase at higher price for the intangible asset effects of the product/service. Slogans and Logos are popular schemes to familiarize consumers with brand names and increase brand loyalty (Patti 1977).For example, Because you are worth it by LOre al Cosmetics and Buy it, sell it, love it from eBay (Oak 2011). Advertisements can change the consumers relative evaluation of substitutes by leading them to believe that the substitute brands are inferior. For example, commercial battles between Apple and Blackberry. Nowadays, persuasive advertisements have reshaped the purchasing habit of consumers with culture and life background, leading consumers to think products/services are a necessary good such as cereals for breakfast (Acharyya & Mukherjee 2003).Next page is a figure illustration that shows the effect of advertising by a decrease in elasticity in the demand curve. With the same price rise P to P, it can be seen that the quantity demanded decreases by a larger amount from Q to Q1 when the demand curve is elastic (curve D). On the other hand, the more inelastic curve (curve D) has a relatively smaller quantity decrease from Q to Q2. Figure2. Effect of advertising by a decrease in elasticity in the demand curve Figure3. Effec t of advertising by a change in the demand curve With both a decrease in elasticity and a rightward shift in the demand curve, sales are increased from Q?P to Q? P. This is due to firms can now charge a higher price in a less competitive environment. So how do companies advertise their products/services? Firms advertise advertisement through a number of mediums, including emails and mails such as Dominos pizza, magazines such as Marc Jacob, bulletin boards such as Billabong, Radio announcements such as AAMI, television ads such as Optus and Yellow pages etc. Companies spend a significant amount of capital and time to plan a strategy to persuade people to purchase products.Some common strategy techniques includes celebrity testimonial, claiming that their products is desirable and consumed by many people, authority endorsements, slogan and logos etc (Gladen 2008). An advertising strategy of Apple is to gain brand loyalty of consumers while charging at a higher price. Apple posts new advertisements continuously on the internet with branding strategy that focuses on peoples emotion such as lifestyle, imagination, aspirations, passion and dreams. It also uses advertisements to show an indefinable cool element associated with every new innovation devices that they produce.The demand for Apple products will therefore inevitably be increased by bringing in new customers and increasing the desire of purchase. Another technique is to show that competitors such as Microsoft PCs and Blackberry phones are an inferior product. For example, Apple created the ad Mac vs. PC (Deny or allow) to indicate that it is worth paying higher price for a virus-free Mac then a Microsoft PC (Marketing minds, 2011). For cosmetic brand Cover Girl, one of their strategies is to create a slogan to facilitate brand recognition. This leads to product demand curve becoming more inelastic.Almost all firms create a unique slogan to bolster and augment its business branding. Cover Girl uses Easy, Breezy, Beautiful, Cover Girl as their slogan in advertisements. Moreover, they use celebrity endorsements including Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Jennifer ONell and etc. as the face of their brand. Cover Girl also has a $100,000 US contact with Americas nigh top model every season (the most global popular modeling reality TV show). Celebrity enforcements work in a way that consumers identify themselves with the celebrity in the advertisements, and are mostly likely to increase demand in targeted consumers (Wikipedia, 2011).Advertisements have both advantages and disadvantages towards the consumers and the company supplying the products/services. The advantages for consumers include alarm people to products/services that fulfills the niche requirements they have such as tastes, preference, lifestyle and etc. Moreover, consumers have better access to the product/service information and guidance. On the other hand, disadvantages include overstating the effectiveness of the product/service and mislead the consumers to make bad purchasing decisions.It also creates dissatisfaction for some people as their income cannot afford the desire product. Advertising appeals can also affect peoples health by promoting alcohol and cigarettes. For companies that supplies the products and services, advantages include increasing the exposure and awareness of the new developed products/services to consumers. Increase sales and profit if advertising scheme is successful. The form of online advertising using YouTube and other video sharing websites decreases the costs of supply.However, disadvantage includes consumption excessive money on celebrity endorsements or on AFL half-time broadcast with no significant profit gains (Akrani 2010). Successful firms have a good understanding in who purchases their products, why consumers purchase their products and what advertising strategy to utilize to influence consumers purchasing decision. From this report, it can be seen that companies use a variety of advertisement plans to increase the demand of their products/services as well as to reduce the elasticity of the products/services.By changing the demand curve with a rightward shift and with a steepish slope, the main goal that firms are trying to achieve is to increase the sales and profits. Some advertising strategies might induce disadvantages to consumers and suppliers, but with suppliers applying the most suitable strategy by research and evaluation, it is more likely that both parties will benefit from the advertising result. Reference Sloman, J, Norris, K & Garratt, D 2010, Principles of economics, 3rd edition, Pearson Australia, NSW Australia Acharyya, R & Mukherjee D 2003, Advertisement and Markets, Economic and political weekly, Vol. 8, No. 50, pp. 5236-5239 Erdem, T, Keane, MP & Sun, B 2008, The impact of advertising on consumer price sensitivity in experience goods markets, Quant market economics, Vo. 6, pp. 139-176 Patti, CH 1977, Evaluating the role of advertising, Journal of advertising, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 30-35 Welker, J 2010, The role of advertising in determining price elasticity of demand, viewed 27 Sep 2011, http//welkerswikinomics. com/blog/2010/10/04/im-proud-to-be-a-canadian-and- i-like-beer/ Oak, M 2011, storied commercial slogans, viewed 27 Sep 2011, http//www. buzzle. com/ articles/famous-commercial-slogans. tml Gladen, NR 2011, Advertising and persuasive strategies, viewed 28 Sep 2011, http//naomi- rockler-gladen. suite101. com/advertising-persuasion-techniques-a52647 Marketing Minds 2010, Apples branding strategy, viewed 28 Sep 2011, http//www. marketing minds. com. au/branding/apple_branding_strategy. html Wikipedia 2011, Cover Girl, viewed 28 Sep 2011, http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/CoverGirl Akrani, G 2010, Advertising-Advertising management features and benefits, viewed 29 Sep 2011, http//kalyan-city. blogspot. com/2010/07/5-ms-of-advertising-advertising. html

Leadership. Big Five personality traits Essay

After studying this chapter, you should be able to1. Define leading and blood line leadership and management. 2. Summarize the conclusions of quality theories of leadership. 3. Identify the central tenets and main limitations of behavioral theories. 4. Assess contingency theories of leadership by their level of support. 5. Comp are and contrast charismatic and transformational leadership. 6. Define au pasttic leadership and show why effective leaders exemplify ethics and trust. 7. Demonstrate the role mentoring plays in our understanding of leadership. 8. traverse challenges to the effectiveness of leadership.9. Assess whether charismatic and transformational leadership generalize across cultures. I am more afraid of an army of 100 sheep led by a lion than an army of 100 lions led by a sheep. TalleyrandPrivate Equitys Poster BoyIf its true that Nice guys conclude last, there is no better proof than Stephen Schwarzman, chief executive of the Blackst cardinal Group, who says his mission in life is to inflict pain and kill off his rivals. I require war, he told the Wall Street Journal, not a series of skirmishes. And win in business he has. In 20 years, he has made Blackst unmatched one of the roughly pro retardableand some feared enthronization groups on Wall Street, with assets approaching $200 billion.Though these are not easy times for any investment bank, Blackstone has largely avoided the pitfalls of subprime mortgages and mortgage-backed securities. Some of this strategy might be considered good fortuneBlackstone invests much more heavily in commercial than in residential veridical estate. However, some credit is due to Schwarzmans foresight. As he notes, We were cautious in the so-called golden age. We were the least aggressive of all the big firms in the first half of 2007. We were very concerned about(predicate) the high prices of deals and the vast amount of liquidity fuelling the boom. . . .Things always come to an end, and when they do they end badly. Not moreover is Schwarzman smart and driven he likesthe attention his success has drawn. When he turned 60, his birthday party might have made Caligula blush. The affair was emceed by comic Martin Short. Rod Stewart performed. Marvin Hamlisch put on a number from A Chorus Line. Singer Patti LaBelle led the Abyssinian Baptist Church choir in a song about Schwarzman. Who staged this event?Schwarzman himself When Blackstone executives prepared a video tribute to him to be contend at the event, Schwarzman intervened to squelch any roasting or other jokes played at his expense. Schwarzman owns residences in Manhattan (a 35-room Park Avenue triplex, for which he paid $37 million), in the Hamptons (a Federal-style house, for which he paid $34 million), in Palm Beach (a 13,000-square-foot mansion, which, at $20.5 million, is the slum of the bunch), in Saint-Tropez, and in Jamaica.I love houses, Schwarzman says. The New Yorker called him the designated villain of an era . . . of heedless self-indulgence. As you might imagine, Schwarzman is not the easiest guy to work for. trance sunning himself at his Palm Beach estate, he complained that an employee wasnt wearing the proper black shoes with his uniform. On another occasion, he reportedly fired a Blackstone executive for the sound his nose made when he breathed. Given his success, his lifestyle, and his combative personality, you might imagine Schwarzman is immune to the ridicule, resentment, and criticism he receives. How does it feel? he asked, and then answered his own question Unattractive.No thinking person wants to be reduced to a caricature.1 As Blackstones Stephen Schwarzman shows, leaders often are not like other tribe. But what piddles them so? Intelligence? Drive? Luck? A certain leadership style? These are some of the questions well tackle in this chapter. To assess yourself on another set of qualities that well discuss shortly, take the following self-assessment. In this chapter, we look at what distinguishs an effective leader and what differentiates leaders from nonleaders.First, we vex trait theories, which dominated the study of leadership up to the late 1940s. Then we discuss behavioral theories, popular until the late 1960s. Next, we introduce contingency and interactive theories. Finally, we discuss the most contemporary approaches charismatic, transformational, and authentic leadership. But first, lets clarify what we mean by leadership. Self-Assessment Library Whats My Leadership Style?In the Self-Assessment Library (available on CD and online) take assessment II.B.1 (Whats My Leadership Style?) and answer the following questions. 1.How did you score on the two scales?2.Do you think a leader can be both task oriented and people oriented? Do you think there are situations in which a leader has to make a choice between the two styles?3.Do you think your leadership style exit change over time? Why or why not? What Is Leadership?1. Define leadership and cont rast leadership and management. Leadership and management are often confused. Whats the difference? John Kotter of the Harvard Business schooldays argues that management is about coping with complexity.2 Good management brings about order and consistency by drawing up starchy plans, designing rigid make-up structures, and monitoring results against the plans.Leadership, in contrast, is about coping with change. Leaders establish direction by developing a vision of the future then they align people by communicating this vision and inspiring them to overcome hurdles. Although Kotter provides separate definitions of the two harm, both look forers and practicing managers frequently make no such distinctions. So we need to present leadership in a way that can capture how it is used in theory and practice. We define leadership as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals.The source of this influence may be formal, such as that provided by man agerial ramble in an organization. But not all leaders are managers, nor, for that matter, are all managers leaders. Just because an organization provides its managers with certain formal rights is no assurance they will lead effectively. Nonsanctioned leadershipthe ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organizationis often as important or more important than formal influence.In other words, leaders can emerge from within a group as well as by formal appointment. Organizations need upstanding leadership and strong management for optimal effectiveness. We need leaders today to challenge the status quo, create visions of the future, andinspire organizational members to want to achieve the visions. We in addition need managers to formulate detailed plans, create efficient organizational structures, and oversee day-to-day operations. OB Poll Confidence in Business Leaders fallSource Based on Edelman trust Barometer 2008 (http//www.edelman.com/TRUST/200 8/TrustBarometer08_Final.pdf) Trait TheoriesSummarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.Throughout history, strong leadersBuddha, Napoleon, Mao, Churchill, Roosevelt, Reaganhave been described in terms of their traits. Trait theories of leadership thus focus on personal qualities and characteristics. We recognize leaders like South Africas Nelson Mandela, Virgin Group CEO Richard Branson, orchard apple tree co-founder Steve Jobs, and American Express chairman Ken Chenault as charismatic, enthusiastic, and courageous.The search for personality, social, physical, or intellectual attributes that differentiate leaders from nonleaders goes back to the earliest stages of leadership research. Early research efforts at isolating leadership traits resulted in a number of dead ends.A review in the late 1960s of 20 different studies set nearly 80 leadership traits, but only 5 were common to 4 or more of the investigations.3 By the 1990s, after numerous studies and analyses, abou t the scoop we could say was that most leaders are not like other people, but the particular traits that characterized them varied a great deal from review to review.4 It was a pretty confusing state of affairs.A breakthrough, of sorts, came when researchers began organizing traits around the Big Five personality framework (see Chapter 5).5 Most of the dozens of traits in various leadership reviews fit under one of the Big Five (ambition and energy are part of extraversion, for instance), giving strong support to traits as predictors of leadership.The personal qualities and characteristics of Richard Branson, chairman of Virgin Group, make him a great leader. Branson is described as fun-loving, sensitive to the needs of others, hard working, innovative, charismatic, enthusiastic, energetic, decisive, and risk taking. These traits helped the British entrepreneur build one of the most recognized and respect brandsin the world for products and services in the business areas of travel , entertainment, and lifestyle. Jason Kempin/FilmMagic/Getty Images, Inc.A comprehensive review of the leadership literature, when organized around the Big Five, has found extraversion to be the most important trait of effective leaders6 but more strongly related to leader emergence than to leader effectiveness. Sociable and dominant people are more likely to assert themselves in group situations, but leaders need to make sure theyre not too assertiveone study found leaders who scored very high on assertiveness were less effective than those who were moderately high.7Unlike agreeableness and emotional stability, conscientiousness and openness to experience also showed strong relationships to leadership, though not quite as strong as extraversion. Overall, the trait approach does have something to offer. Leaders who like existence around people and are able to assert themselves (extraverted), disciplined and able to keep commitments they make (conscientious), and creative and flexi ble (open) do have an apparent profit when it comes to leadership, suggesting good leaders do have key traits in common.One reason is that conscientiousness and extraversion are positively related to leaders self-efficacy, which explained most of the variance in subordinates ratings of leader performance.8 People are more likely to follow someone who is confident shes going in the right direction. another(prenominal) trait that may indicate effective leadership is emotional intelligence (EI), discussed in Chapter 4. Advocates of EI argue that without it, a person can have outstanding training, a highly analytical mind, a compelling vision, and an endless supply of terrific ideas but still not make a great leader.This may be specially true as individuals move up in an organization.9 Why is EI so critical to effective leadership? A core component of EI is empathy. empathic leaders can sense others needs, listen to what followers say (and dont say), and read the reactions of others. As one leader noted, The caring part of empathy, especially for the people with whom you work, is what inspires people to stay with a leader when the going gets rough. The mere fact that someone cares is more often than not rewarded with loyalty.10

Pestel and Porters Tesco

PESTEL provides an analysis into the external business factors which may effect the company performances. It can be utilize on a daily, weekly, monthly and yearly basis to analysis the macro environmental effects on a company. POLITICAL-EU Free trading laws promoting trade betwixt western and eastern European resulting in expansion of tesco sell outlets ECONOMIC-Economic recession has affected consumers buying behaviors. Consumers buy essential commodities however the study for luxury has decreased.Consumers throw less time eating out and spend more time eating in, in order to cut down on cost. SOCIAL-The majority of the uk world is made up of retired people who spend less on aliment and eat less. Consumer attitude changing to become more healthy. Increase in demand for organic foods. Increase in UK ethnicity population has lead to a wide range of food items available in store TECHNOLOGICAL-Increase in population feeler to internet has caused an increase in Online grocery sho pping. Loyaty programs has enabled tesco to analyze consumers spending habits.Mobile technology allowing convenient shopping on mobile devices. Self service tills makes buying quick for customers ENVIRONMENTAL-Incentives to re-use bags and be more environmentally friendly. Recycling centers available at tescos. Carbon foot print data available on nearly products. Greener living scheme which advices customers on environmental issues such as how to reduce food waste and carbon foot print when preparing meals LEGAL-Increase in VAT identify will affect the non-food sector of tescos. Increase of minimum wage of over 21s (from 6. 08 to 6. 9) impacts operating costs. PORTERS 5 forces allows the analysis of the competitive environment. SUBSTITUTE of PRODUCTS and services-Low threat of substitute for food products as tescos provides quality goods at low prices Substitutes- indirect- pubs offering food, local martss or shops, on line suppliers New COMPETITORS Low rate of competition from stark naked entrants into the market because it takes a huge investment and a new business pathway to capture customers however lidl, aldi have come in to the market capturing a new market with lower prices.Marks and spencer offer food at the high end of the market Old COMPETITORS lavishly rate of competition from other food retail stores such as asda, Morrison, Sainsburys and waitros in the form of price, promotions and retaining customer loyalty. Competitors Sainsbury etc compete as a traditional competitor for market share BARGINING POWER OF BUYERS High bargaining powers of vendees in the supermarkets, high.We have lots of choice as to where we shop. Tesco have to keep on their toes to be competitive. When I take the DLR to work however the buyer has no power, no choice, so prices go up BARGINING POWERS OF SUPPLIERS suppliers to supermarkets have little power and get squeezed by the big boys. they have to supply at a lower price, will not get paid by tesco until it suits tes co.

Antwone Fisher Essay

Antwone Fisher is a young military someonenel with anger and temperament issues associated with childhood interpretation of physical and unrestrained abuse caused by the authoritarian figures of his family. Self-image and straight self-importance-importance have been challenged, tho the Navy as various events trigger tragic memories from the other(prenominal). A head-shrinker played by Denzel Washington accepts the challenge to assist human development through various methods and discussion techniques. Furthermore, intervention helps to remove the layers of interdict emotion and screwing be accomplished if the right counselor assists with suitable intervention techniques.Carl Rogers theorized the importance of looking at self. He drew a clean-cution betwixt the self perception and the perception of the Ideal-self. There are organized patterns associated with the progress toed one self or the many selves. The phenomenal field of the individual includes both unconscious a nd conscious perceptions, including those of which an individual is aware and is non aware (Pervin p. 172). Focus is on providing avenues to consciousness, as the means to a healthy functional individual. Antwones self-image is bury in painful memories and unchecked past emotional events.Rogerian Theory seems to be base in self image. It provides a nates for ground, evaluating, and providing the appropriate intervention. Gordon AllportsTheory Rationale Functional Autonomy derives from the notion of healthy and well-organized aspects of human port. Traits are the basis of and most important aspect of record, and they are seated in the nervous system.They represent reason record dispositions that account for regularities in the functioning of a person across situations and over time (Pervin p. 32). Antwones predictable pattern of behavior becomes characters controlled by his changing emotional state. When a memory challenges the nervous system, he makes irrational emotional unhealthy decisions. Allports theory application may reveal more options to understanding the root cause of aggressiveness and infuriated outbursts. Character Description Antwone Fisher was born in an Ohio prison house (his mother was an inmate his cause was shot dead before his birth) and grew up in an abusive treasure home in Cleveland.Beaten and often kept tied in the basement, Fisher ran a port when he was seventeen and had to face intent history on the streets. Antwone joined the Navy only to fetch he was combat to save himself from insult and to help preserve his pride. Antwone progressively becomes a healthy young man subsequentlyward a psychiatrist helps remove layers of anger and pain found memories. Character Analysis Structure- Antwone Fishers fictitious character is wrapped up in pressure associated with memories of a mother in prison, a father killed by his girlfri reverse, abandonment, and physical, emotional, and sexual mal sermon.He was placed in a foster home with his half-brothers. The pastor pound off the light- genuflectned boy for having too much pride. Mrs. Tate tied Antwones hands behind his screen and arrive him unconscious and threatened to burn him with an open fire. She would create division between them charm using skin color and the degrading terms. Antwone was the middle child. In the Navy, Antwone was a loner. He constantly went inside to find answers to his past. His treatment as a child stemmed from slave-based disciplinary practiced by Mrs. Tate.His character begins to be organize according to the daily exposure to verbal and mental lashings from her. His self-worth in her eyes amounts to nothing. His submissive behavior is degrading and subservient. He is chastised every step of his childhood into his teen years until he finally puts an end to the beating. There is no reward for good behavior. He even pokes fun at Dr. Davenport (Played by Denzel Washington) while making a mockery of his intervention suggestion s. Denzel again reverts to memories from his past and the feelings associated with self-perception.Confusion after making an start out to straighten-up drives him away from seeking more attention from the psychiatrist. He just wants to be a good shipman, but continues to find a problem with anger. Process He has to find himself before he can find his ideal-self. He realizes through the help of Dr. Davenport that he can change. He tries to find a trust based consanguinity to compare thoughts and feelings to his give. Establishing relationships may be difficult when privileged issues have not been resolved He wants to impress his woman friend but cannot find the words to begin a caring relationship.Denzel social function plays away some of the perceived self-critical behavior to instill confidence. There is a growing consensus about the relationship between personality traits and emotional states, biological theorists of adult personality are exchanging ideas with theorists of ch ildhood temperament, and long-term studies of personality development across the life span are delivering on the promises made many years agone William Revelle Annual Review of psychology, Vol. 46, 1995, p. 1). Antwone finds incongruence between his perceived self image and his true self image.Dealing with emotional baggage and the inexperience of having the ability to build and maintain a lasting relationship can wrick feelings and create confusion. Growth and Development Growth continues during the date with Cheryl as she points out things about his appearance that she finds attractive. His character develops as he shares himself in a way never before experienced. His self-worth grows as he overcomes business organisation to be himself as he lowers defending teams and builds a relationship. He also looks to his psychiatrist the same night for brass and confirmation as he shares his first kiss experience.This appears to be the first time that lowering defenses and rely his f eelings creates a self-worth akin never before. Personality theories attempt to account for individual behavior. The scope of such theories is vast. (Revelle, p. 1). Antwone is hard to be nice, but finds it difficult when provoked to anger. Dr. Davenport employs empathy as a way to meet Antwone where before lamentable quickly ahead. Affective level understanding creates an environment of trust and deeper understanding. Any attempt to withhold understanding and establish rapport assists greatly in growth rate and early development.In sensing the one-on-one world of a lymph node, the counselor or therapist attempts to convey an empathic understanding of the persons experiencing. Through a sensitive attunement, an individual is able to empathically sense his or her own subjective internal state. In an immediate context, a persons reactions assume the form of hunches and a flow of inner feelings. In this mode, experiencing includes such reactions as love, hate, enjoyment, boredom , sensing, and perceiving.As a basic way of knowing, experiencing subjective responses is fundamental to fooling life. Empathy Implications of Three Ways of Knowing in Counseling Journal oblige by Arthur J. Clark Journal of humane Counseling, Education and Development, Vol. 43, 2004, p. 1). Carl Rogers (1964) described 3 ways of knowing with reference to empathic understanding subjective, interpersonal, and objective. Dr. Davenport questions Antwone about his family life after he was thrown out of Mrs. Tates house. He talks about going back to the orphanage to develop his social skills. Its what happens when empathy becomes a part of the process.Dr.Davenport uses a line of questioning based in empathetic understanding. The centrality of understanding the private perceptual world of a person from an interpersonal aspect is a recurring theme in the writings of Rogers. Thus, the direction of an individuals empathy is toward another person in an effort to grasp his or her phenomenol ogical functioning. (p. 1). Institutionalized incarceration lacks sensitivity and empathy. The penal system and replacement process formalize a different skill set and can impede growth and development.From iron out school to a mens shelter to sprightliness on the street creates a survival response and an identity vacuum and a lack for understanding and belonging. Keep in mind the basis of the Rogers approach is, to enact empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard (An Analysis of How Carl Rogers Enacted Client-Centered Conversation with Gloria Journal member by Scott A. Wickman, Cynthia Campbell Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 81, 2003, p. 1). Antwone begins to show a trend of behaviors with anticipated responses. His motives are driven by basic human needs for survival.His dysfunctional past needs to be replaced with more productive behavior. Antwones park bench experiences before joining the Navy have to be tump overed in the same way Gordon Allport suggests personality and trait development tied to the environment. Antwone is very conscious of his reaction and responses to people and events in the environment. Antwone, a nice person, may be misunderstood and misjudged because of the trait behaviors associated with anger and violence.Allport surveys of personality psychology included discussions of such concepts as defense mechanisms, self, and identification. Shoring up the SASB Bridge between Personality Theory and Clinical Psychology Journal article by Jerry S. Wiggins Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 3 pgs, p. 3). Antwone employs each concept on the road to get a balanced healthy, functioning young man. Allports theory suggests growth or development of personality is equally important. Regardless of whether one favors traits or motives, many of the questions driving personality psychology are developmental How do people develop the trait of sociability (or the need for achievement)?At what developmental rate of flow d oes this trait (need) emerge? When are the critical periods during which the trait (need) is expressed? Is sociability (need for achievement) stable from one developmental period to the next, and, if not, what factors are responsible for those changes? How does being high in sociability (need for achievement) shape the individuals life path (Traits and Types, Dynamics and Development No Doors Should Be disagreeable in the Study of Personality, Journal article by Oliver P. John, Richard W. Robins Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 6 pgs, p. 140)? PsychopathologyThe development of psychological theory tends to oscillate between plausive advances and self-critical analyses and curtailment (William Revelle Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 46, 1995, p. 1). Antwone employs defense mechanisms to preserve his client/patient relationship with Dr. Davenport. His regression begins when he recalls the memory of his old friend tricks him into committing a crime. During the crime his best fr iend is killed. Self-maintenance becomes an issue as he recalls how many people in life have left him. He believes Dr. Davenport is determined to leave him after making him an extended member of the family.His high level of trust and sense of belonging gives way to expiry and suffering. Hes willing to do almost anything to hold on to certainty in his life. Optimism crashes and retrenchment occurs as the feelings of loss become incongruent with the memory of his friends blood splatter across his face. His friend Jesse cater him when he was hungry and died during a botched robbery the next day. Believing the death relieved Jesse from combat anymore, increases the feeling of abandonment, letdown and pain associated with accepting the last session with Dr.Davenport.Internal and External Factors Internally something is missing. Self-concept and self-actualization cannot occur unless he is reunited with his past. As most counselors know very well, person-centered theory and therapy beg an with and evolved from the thinking, research, and practice of Carl Ransom Rogers (The Development and Evolution of Person-Centered expressive Art Therapy A Conversation with Natalie Rogers Journal article by John Sommers-Flanagan Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 85, 2007, p. 1).Carl Rogers was increase by parents under one roof. The integration of person-centered principles and art is a natural combination of her parents most distinct qualities (p. 1). Antwone Fishers parents were non-existent. Internal and external support was missing therefore disrupting self-centered support. Much like Dr, Davenport, Rogers interactions with clients were like small miracles of compassionate understanding and communication. Carl Rogers believed that the relationship between therapist and client facilitates emotional and psychological healing.As counselors we often see ourselves in the same situations as our clients. For some reason, the need to remain ethical and subjective creates a gap in reality as our own defense mechanisms preserve internal wellness. The therapeutic atmosphere produces positive changes when unconditional positive regard supersedes poor sentiment and inflexibility. When our practiced behavior becomes predictable, we become trait driven and predictable which often leads to in effective focusing alternatives.Pervins analysis and critique of personality-trait research rests on the assumption that the five-factor model (FFM), and trait models more generally, should occupy all the goals of a complete theory of personality (Traits and Types, Dynamics and Development No Doors Should Be Closed in the Study of personality Journal article by Oliver P. John, Richard W. Robins Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 6 pgs. , p137) In a summary statement about the nature of this relationship, the whole person remains fragmented until explanations associated with internal messages stone externally.Antwone had to trace his family history for answers to self image, self-esteem, and the ideal self. Throughout the movie, he is polite, articulate, and very well-balanced in a trusting and loving environment. When the memories were released and support from his girlfriend prevailed, gradually the real Antwone Fisher began to take shape and grow. How can one become person centered and grow when completeness is rooted in deteriorating external information? culmination Communicating genuiness and unconditional positive self-regard is the key to breaking down the walls and destroying the defenses of a troubled and angry client.When a negative self image impeded growth and development, the counselor must build trust, establish rapport and utilize empathy effectively. Providing a safe environment and a loving and caring ethical and passe-partout relationship with your client are the keys to successful intervention. Carefully choosing the process and defining clean goals assist in the healing process on the way to independence. Looking into a mirror and defining the meaning of self and the perceived ideal self may be incongruent occasionally.Self-talk can be detrimental and libellous when discouragement follows as a result of unanswered questions about the self and the past. When life becomes puzzling and negative behaviors overshadow self-perception, the counselor must provide a way to trace behaviors to the root cause. Rogers and Allport provide reasonable theories on personality development to help achieve successful and healthy lives. We must also consider the internal and external factors associated with changes in behavior as they impact behavioral changes.Antwone Fisher returned to the environment of his past abusive childhood and confronted the abusers before moving ahead. Three sessions may not be adequate for long-term care and permanent change. Being flexible with healthy boundaries throughout the intervention process, may reveal our own shortcomings as we attempt to stay the course. Antwone Fisher and Com mander Davenport established an amazing, growing, and client-centered relationship. The outcome proves that independent and healthy living can be facilitated on both sides when unconditional positive regard prevails.

How the Human Brain Stores and Retrieves Memory Essay

Memory is the ability to encode, store and guess training. The three main borderes involved in military man memory are therefore encoding, storage and renounce (retrieval). Additionally, the wreak of memory consolidation (which can be considered to be either part of the encoding process or the storage process) is treated here as a screen out process in its give right.Encoding is a biological event beginning with perception through the senses. The process of laying pot a memory begins with attention (regulated by the thalamus and the frontal lobe), in which a memorable event causes neurons to educe more frequently, making the experience more intense and increasing the likelihood that the event is encoded as a memory. Emotion tends to increase attention, and the emotional element of an event is processed on an unconscious pathway in the brain leading to the amygdala. Only then are the actual sensations derived from an event processed.Consolidation is the processes of stabili zing a memory trace after the initial acquisition. It may perhaps be thought of part of the process of encoding or of storage, or it may be considered as a memory process in its own right. It is usually considered to consist of two specific processes, synaptic consolidation (which occurs within the first few hours after learning or encoding) and system consolidation (where hippocampus-dependent memories become independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years.Storage is the more or less passive process of retaining information in the brain, whether in the sensory memory, the short-term memory or the more permanent semipermanent memory. Each of these different stages of human memory function as a sort of filter that helps to protect us from the flood of information that confront us on a daily basis, avoiding an overload of information and helping to keep us sane. The more the information is repeated or used, the more likely it is to be retained in long-term memory (which is why, for example, studying helps people to perform better on tests). This process of consolidation, the stabilizing of a memory trace after its initial acquisition, is treated in more detail in a separate section.Recall or retrieval of memory refers to the subsequent re-accessing of events or information from the past, which have been previously encoded and stored in the brain. In common parlance, it is known as remembering. During recall, the brain replays a pattern of neural activity that was before generated in response to a particular event, echoing the brains perception of the real event. In fact, there is no real solid distinction between the act of remembering and the act of thinking.

Lierary Response House on Mango Street

The sign on mango tree Street written by Sandra Concerns, the vignette titled, There was an Old Woman She Had So Many Children She Didnt Know What to Do, may seem insignifi ignoret at first when Concerns begins to describe a woman with a lot of strike children, a common scenario In neighborhoods such as Mango Street.Then as we delve deeper Into the passage, we begin to realize that the mother, Rosa Barras, Is neglectful, which may not be her fault she Is troubled with the amount of children she has and plagued with the ruder of sadness that her maintain left her with all of these children, alone and with no money to aid her. These children ar starving for attention and by practically railing themselves. At first, members of the community attempt to help with their lift but until nowtually, because of the lack of results, the people become tired of trying and stop caring.They dont care when the children hurt themselves, even when Angel Barras falls from a great height and dies, And nobody looked up not once the day Angel Barras learned to fly and dropped from the sky like a sugar donuts, gust like a falling star, and exploded down to earth without even an Oh. Concerns seems to be playing off the old African saying, It takes a village to raise a child. This vignette is included to bear the question, who is to blame for Angels oddment?Himself, because he behaved recklessly his absent father, whose departure no doubt contributed to his lack of respect for all things living, including himself his mother, who was not watching him but who at the same time was unable to do so effectively or his neighbors, for not caring for or about his actions? Concerns chooses to include Rosa Barras in this vignette. Rosa also represents the challenges go about by single mothers.She has more children than she can count and is plagued with despair after her husband leaves her without a penny to help take care of all of her children or even a reason explaining why he left. S he is troubled with all of these children and it is too many for her to keep her eye on. By the end of the vignette we can infer she has lost her son and now not only does she have to deal with the absence of her husband but now the loss of her son.

Women in Media

The Objectification and Dismember manpowert of Women in the Media-A resume on women portrayal in media Author Jyoti jain, Lecturer, friendship Business School, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj. ) Abstract Womens bodies continue to be dismembered in ad. Over and over once more just whizz part of the remains is used to sell products, which is, of course, the most dehumanizing thing you can do to someone. Not only is she a thing, but just one part of that thing is focused on. jean Kilbourne Modern Advertising is an annual multi-billion Dollar business now-a-days.Advertising is everywhere in magazines, on television, in movie theaters, on countless web pages, on busses, in subways and on milk-cartons. In fact, publicizings argon so common in our times that we dont even realize we are looking at them anymore. They invade non only our mailboxes, but our minds and in doing so, they feed to the image we shape of women in our farming. Women are often presented in a dehumani zed way in mass media images, their humanity sacrificed to display the stylized ideal.Women are not only turned into a thing, but the thing is broken down into component part parts, each of which as well as represents an ideal form. She is dismembered. The debate, whether the portrayal of women in advertising is a serious or overrated issue, has been current for quite some time and the final answer may never be found. Does the objectification of women in advertising have an adverse affect on society? Is there more violence against women as a result of these images? Are women being exploited? This paper tries to find out some of the cause and meat of these objectification and dismemberment on women in common. ******** Article type Conceptual paper Key words Dismemberment, Objectification, media, advertisement Sun Theme -Objectification of women in media Media that objectify women portray women as physical objects that can be looked at and acted upon and fail to portray women as subjective beings with thoughts, histories, and emotions. In reality, human beings are both objects as subjects, as they are physical collections of molecules as well as individuals. To objectify someone, then, is to reduce someone exclusively to the take of object.Literature review A Definition of Media Objectification Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) coined the term, objectification theory, which suggests that our culture socializes girls and women to internalize an observers perspective on their own bodies. When young girls and women internalize an observers perspective of their own bodies, they live much of their life story in the third-person. This is called self-objectification. The Objectification and Dismemberment of Women in Media In dismemberment ads the images highlight one part of womens physical structure neglect others.Magazine ads show a dismembered female proboscis, with parts, instead of the whole, a practice that according to media activist, denim Kilbourne, turn s women into objects. Indeed, the objectification of women is evident in our society where women are constantly sexualized, but the dismemberment of women has yet to receive the attachment and exploration it deserves. Kilbourne (2002) suggested that the dismemberment of women is a monstrous problem in advertising. Typically, dismemberment ads employ female system parts for the purpose of selling a product. Dismemberment ads promote the idea of separate entities.These ads overtly and covertly encourage a woman to view her body as many individual pieces rather than a whole. Dismemberment ads leave many women feeling that their entire body is spoiled on account of one less than perfect feature. If a woman has less than satisfactory legs, then her potential for beauty is spoiled. In other words, if every body part is not flawless, then the possibility for beauty is ruined. Many women match their bodies and sexuality to the eroticized images that are plastered on billboards and televi sion and in magazines and movies (Kilbourne, 2002).With these images bombarding the mass media, it alters the reality and consciousness. This results in view women just as pleasure objects and toys this is the first step in converting women into prostitute. Pleasure and sex which can be bought apart from womans soul conditioning men into thinking of women as objects and pressurizing women to conform tosex-beauty protocols this de-humanizing continues. It is not about what work some one is wearing, its hyper reality and politicization of womens bodies which we are objecting. Is Objectification a Problem?If considered generally to some stagecoach, objectification is not necessarily a problem. It has been a tendency of human nature to look at others as physical beings, and individuals sometimes choose to present themselves as others primarily as objects through their dress or behavior. Objectivity travels an issue when it is frequent, and when people are commonly presented only as objects and not as subjects as well. Women are frequently objectified in the media. When one see an image of a woman who is presented passively, and who demonstrates no other attributes aside from her physical or sexual being, thats objectification.Here are some contemporary examples of women who are commonly (although not always) portrayed as passive objects to be enjoyed exclusively as physical beings depend uponualized images of women in music videos Pinup posters of sexualized models Women in pornography Waitresses at Hooters Dismemberment ads focus on one part of the body, e. g. , a womans lips. Hence we get numerous images of lips, legs, breasts, butts, torsos female body parts. Frequently in such images the head is missing, emphasizing that females are not valued for their intellect, but for their external form, their curves.Sut Jhally points out that presenting women as fragmentize and disconnected body parts detracts from thinking about women as real people with th eir own intellect, feelings, dreams and desires. Women become objects for consumption. Measuring the Effects of Objectification through the Use of the Objectified Body intellect Scale McKinley and Hyde (1996) developed the Objectified Body intellect Scale (OBCS). The OBCS has three components body surveillance, body shame, and beliefs about appearance control. 1.The first component of the OBCS is body surveillance, the degree to which women view themselves as an object. The feminine body has been constructed as an object to be looked at. This construction encourages women to view their bodies as if they were outside observers. Psychological research has proven that there are nix implications for constant self-surveillance and self-objectification (McKinley & Hyde, 1996 Fredrickson & Noll, 1997 Gettman & Roberts, 2004 Brooks, 1995). 2. The second element of the OBCS is body shame. This encompasses the internalization of cultural beauty standards.Sadly, when women experience inte rnalization, the beauty standards appear to originate from the self, and many women accept that the attainment of these standards is possible, even in the face of considerable evidence to the contrary. The internalization of cultural beauty standards promotes body shame, body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and depression (McKinley & Hyde, 1996). 3. The third element of the OBCS is appearance control beliefs. The OBCS relies heavily on the underlying surmise that women are taught to believe that they are responsible for how they look and have the ability and obligation to alter them when necessary. win over women that they can achieve the impossible beauty standards of our culture can have very negative effects. there are certainly instances in which a woman has no control over her appearance, and if this is the case, the woman feels similar a failure (McKinley , 1996). The Implications of Objectification Result shown by the different studied conducted on objectification and dismember ment shows that these may contribute to the development of several mental health risks, including take dis tramps, unipolar depression, and sexual dysfunction.The subsequent studies attest to the negative implications of objectifying the female body. Depression & Anxiety Kuring and Tiggemann (2004) conducted a study consisting of 286 undergraduate students (115 men, 171 women). Participants were administered a questionnaire that contained measures of self-objectification and self-surveillance, measures of the proposed consequences of self-objectification (body shame, appearance anxiety, flow and sense of internal bodily states), as well as the outcome variables of disordered eating and depressive mood (301).The study found that self-objectification leads to self-surveillance that, in turn, leads to body shame and appearance anxiety and in both greater disordered eating and more depressed mood. This finding is only true for women. Contrarily, men experienced much glower levels o f self-surveillance. However, the men who presented evidence of self-surveillance experienced increased body shame and appearance anxiety. It is noteworthy that men showed no presence of self-objectification, thus suggesting that women are overwhelmingly more likely to experience self-objectification and self-surveillance.The rare cases in which men experience self-surveillance, similar emotions and reactions are present (Kuring & Tiggemann, 2004). Disorded eating habits Fredrickson, Noll, Quinn, Roberts, and Twenge (1998) found that self-objectification contributed to disorderd eating directly. The participants were administered the Self-Objectification Questionnaire, which required them to rank the order and the significance of 12 body attributes by how important each is to their physical self-concept. Their hypothesis posits that anticipated body shame encourages women to participate in disordered eating.Oftentimes, women who engage in disordered eating are attempting to hold o pen or gain body satisfaction and avoid the dreaded experience of body shame. Their hypothesis have contain. Thus, it can be safely assumed that our cultures practice of sexual-objectification of the female body has profoundly negative effects on women, and disordered eating is only one of many. Body Dissatisfaction Study conducted by Baker, Towell, and Sivyer (1997). This study investigated the role of visual media by examining the relationship between body image issatisfaction and abnormal eating attitudes in visually impaired women. Body dissatisfaction and abnormal eating attitudes are frequent effects of our cultures promotion of an unattainable beauty ideal.. The results indicate that visual media may play a all-important(a) role in the development and maintenance of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating (Baker et al. , 1997). Anxiety & sexual dissatisfaction In a study conducted by Gettman and Roberts (2004), the results demonstrated that the objectification prime led to significantly higher levels of appearance anxiety.It also led to a decrease in the appeal of physical aspects of sex. This is the first piece of evidence that lends support to the prediction that objectification contributes to sexual dysfunction (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Perhaps sexualizing and objectifying women actually decreases their sex drive rather than increases their sex drive. remainder What women suffer, then, is more insidious than invisibility. It is deliberate erasure. Undoubtedly, the sexualized portrayal of women in the media has significantly negative outcomes.These negative outcomes are not only affecting adult women but also young girls. The problematic representations of women in the media deserve our ready attention, consideration, and research. Future studies should include further exploration of the relational barriers between men and women, the centerfold syndrome and its effect on human intimacy, the appeal of physical sex to women and its rela tionship to the dismemberment of women in the media. References Baker, D. , Sivyer, R. , & Towell, T. (1997).Body Image Dissatisfaction and ingest Attitudes in Visually Impaired Women. London Division of Psychology, University of West Minister. Brooks, G. (1995). The Centerfold Syndrome How Men Can subjugate Objectification and Achieve Intimacy With Women. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Fredrickson, B. , Noll, S. , Roberts, T. , Twenge, J. , & Quinn, D. (1998). That Swimsuit Becomes You Sex Differences in Self-Objectification, Restrained Eating, and Math Performance. Journal of Personality and hearty Psychology, 75, 269-284. Gettman, J. , & Roberts, T. (2004).Mere Exposure Gender Differences in the Negative Effects of Priming a State of Self-Objectification. Sex utilisations, 51, 17-27. Good, L. , Mills, A. , Murnen, S. , & Smolak, L. (2003). Thin, Sexy Women and Strong, Muscular Men Grade-School Childrens Responses to Objectified Images of Women and Men. Sex Roles, 49, 427-437. Kil bourne, J. (2002). Beauty and the Beast of Advertising. Retrieved March 12, 2005 from http//www. medialit. org/reading_room/article40. html. McKinley, N. , & Hyde, J. (1996). The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale Development and Validation.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181-215. Roberts, S. , & Fredrickson, B. (1997). Objectification Theory Toward Understanding Womens Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. Tiggeman, M. , & Kuring, J. (2004). The Role of Objectification in Disordered Eating and Depressed Mood. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 299-311. www. genderads. com Media Portrayal of Women Female Stereotypes in the Mediahttp//medialiteracy. suite101. com/article. cfm/media_portrayal_of_womenixzz0iE6NTp52